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LONDON: JOHN CHAPMAN, 142, STRAND. 



CHAPMAN'S • 

No. XIII. 



THE 



BOOK OF JOB. 



J. A. FROUDE, M.A., 

LATE FELLOW OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD. 



REPRINTED FROM 

MntmmtH i^Heto, 

New Series, No. YIII., Oct. 1853. 



LONDON: 
JOHN CHAPMAN, 142, STUAND. 

MDCCCLIV. 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



It will be matter some day of curious enquiry to ascertain, 
why, notwithstanding the high reverence with which the 
English people regard the Bible, they have done so little in 
comparison with their continental contemporaries towards 
arriving at a proper understanding of it ? The books named 
below* form but a section of a long list which has appeared 
during the last few years in Germany on the Book of Job 
alone ; and this book has not received any larger share of atten- 
tion than the others, either of the Old or the New Testament. 
Whatever be the nature or the origin of these books, (and on 
this point there is much difference of opinion among the 
Germans as among ourselves,) they are all agreed, orthodox 
and unorthodox, that at least we should endeavour to under- 
stand them; and that no efforts can be too great, either of 
research or criticism, to discover their history, or elucidate 
their meaning. 

"We shall assent, doubtless, eagerly, perhaps noisily and in- 
dignantly, to so obvious a truism ; but our own efforts in the 
same direction will not bear us out. Able men in England 
employ themselves in matters of a more practical character; 
and while we refuse to avail ourselves of what has been 
done elsewhere; no book, or books, which we produce on the 

* 1. Die Poetischen Bucher des Alien Bundes. Erklart von Heinrich 
Ewald. Grottingen : bei Vanderhoeck und Rupreclit. 1836. 

2. Kurzgefasstes exegetisckes Handhucli zum Alien Testament. Zweite 
Lieferung. Hioh. Yon Ludwig Hirzel. Zweite Auflage, durchgesehen von 
Dr. Justus 01slia,usen. Leipzig. 1852. 

3. Qucesiionum in Joheidos locos vexaios Sx^ecimen. Von D. Hennan- 
nus Hupfeld. Halis Saxonum. 1853. 

B 



2 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



interpretation of Scripture acquire more tlian a partial or an 
ephemeral reputation. The most important contribution to 
our knowledge on this subject which has been made in these 
recent years, is the translation of the " Library of the 
Fathers," by which it is about as rational to suppose that the 
analytical criticism of modern times can be superseded, as 
that the place of Herman and Dindorf could be supplied by 
an edition of the old scholiasts. 

It is, indeed, reasonable that, as long as we are persuaded 
that our English theory of the Bible, as a whole, is the right 
one, we should shrink from contact with investigations, 
which, however ingenious in themselves, are based on what 
we know to be a false founda-tion. ,But there are some 
learned Germans whose orthodoxy would pass examination 
at Exeter Hall; and there are many subjects, such, for in- 
stance, as the present, on which all their able men are agreed 
in conclusions that cannot rationally give offence to any one. 
For the Book of Job, analytical criticism has only served to 
clear up the uncertainties which have hitherto always hung 
about it. It is now considered to be, beyond all doubt, a 
^ genuine Hebrew original, completed by its writer almost in 
" the form in which it now remains to us. The questions on 
the authenticity of the Prologue and Epilogue, which once 
were thought important, have given way before a more sound 
conception of the dramatic unity of the entire poem ; and 
the volumes before us contain merely an inquiry into its 
meaning, bringing, at the same time, all the resources of 
modern scholarship and historical and mythological research 
to bear upon the obscurity of separate passages. It is the 
most difficult of all the Hebrew compositions — many words 
occurring in it, and many thoughts, not to be found elsewhere 
in the Bible. How difficult our translators found it may be 
seen by the number of words which they were obliged to 
insert in italics, and the doubtful renderings which they have 
suggested in the margin. One instance of this, in passing, 
we will notice in this place — it will be familiar to everyone 
as the passage quoted at the opening of the English burial 
service, and adduced as one of the doctrinal proofs of the 
resurrection of the body ? 1 know that my Bedeemer 
liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the 
earth ; and though, after my skin worms destroy this body, 
yet in my flesh I shall see God." So this passage stands in 
the ordinary version. But the words in italics have nothing 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



3 



answering to tliem in the original — tliey were all added by 
the translators* to fill out their interpretation ; and for in my 
flesh, they tell us themselves in the margin that we may read 
(and, in fact, we ought to read, and must read) " out of,'' 
or ^'loithouf my flesh. It is but to write out the verses, 
omitting the conjectural additions, and making that one 
small, but vital correction, to see how frail a support is there 
for so large a conclusion ; " I know that my Kedeemer 
liveth, and shall stand at the latter upon the earth ; and 
after my skin destroy this j yet without my flesh I 
shall see God." If there is any doctrine of a resurrection 
here, it is a resurrection precisely not of the body, but of the 
spirit. And now let us only add that the word translated 
Eedeemer is the technical expression for the " avenger of 
blood;" and that the second 23aragra23h ought to be rendered 
— " and one to come after me (my next of kin, to whom the 
avenging my injuries belongs) shall stand upon my dust," 
and we shall see how much was to be done towards the mere 
exegesis of the text. This is an extreme instance, and no one 
will question the general beauty and majesty of our transla- 
tion; but there are many mythical and physical allusions 
scattered over the jDoem, which, in the sixteenth century, 
there were positively no means of understanding; and 
perhaps, too, there were mental tendencies in the translators 
themselves which prevented them from adequately appre- 
hending even the drift and spirit of it. The form of the 
story was too stringent to allow such tendencies any latitude; 
but they appear, from time to time, sufficiently to produce 
serious confusion. With these recent assistances, therefore, 
we propose to say something of the nature of this extraordi- 
nary book — a book of which it is to say little to call it 
unequalled of its kind, and which will, one day, perhaps, 
when it is allowed to stand on its own merits, be seen tower- 
ing up alone, far away above all the poetry of the world. 
How it found its way into the Canon, smiting as it does 
through and through the most deeply-seated Jewish pre- 
judices, is the chief difficulty about it now ; to be explained 
only by a traditional acceptance among the sacred books, 
dating back from the old times of the national greatness, 
when the minds of the peojDle were hewn in a larger type 
than was to be found among the Pharisees of the great 

* Or rather by St. Jerome, whom oiir translators have followed. 

b2 



4 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



synagogue. But its authorship, its date, and its history, are 
alike a mystery to us ; it existed at the time when the Canon 
was composed ; and this is all that we know beyond what we 
can gather out of the language and the contents of the poem 
itself. 

Before going further, however, we must make room for a 
few remarks of a very general kind. Let it have been writ- 
ten when it would, it marks a period in which the religious 
convictions of thinking men were passing through a vast 
crisis ; and we shall not understand it without having before 
us clearly something of the conditions which periods of such 
a kind always and necessarily exhibit. 

The history of religious speculation appears in extreme 
outline to have been of the following character. We may con- 
ceive mankind to have been originally launched into the 
universe with no knowledge either of themselves or of the 
scene in which they were placed; with no actual knowledge, 
but distinguished from the rest of the creation by a faculty 
of gaining knowledge ; and first unconsciously, and afterwards 
consciously and laboriously, to have commenced that long 
series of experience and observation which has accumulated 
in thousands of years to what we now see around us. Limited 
on all sides by conditions which they must have felt to be 
none of their own imposing, and finding everywhere forces 
working, over which they had no control, the fear which 
they would naturally entertain of these invisible and mighty 
agents, assumed, under the direction of an idea which we 
may perhaps call inborn and inherent in human nature, a 
more generous character of reverence and awe. The laws of 
the outer world, as they discovered them, they regarded as 
the decrees, or as the immediate energies of personal beings ; 
and as knowledge grew up among them, they looked upon it 
not as knowledge of nature, but of God, or the gods. All 
early paganism appears, on careful examination, to have 
arisen out of a consecration of the first rudiments of physical 
or speculative science. The twelve labours of Hercules are 
the labours of the sim, of which Hercules is an old name, 
through the twelve signs, Chronos, or tmie, being measm^ed 
by the apparent motion of the heavens, is figured as their 
child; Time, the universal parent, devours its own ofispring, 
yet is again itself in the high faith of a human soul con- 
scious of its power and its endurance, supposed to be baffled 
and dethroned by Zeus, or life ; and so on through all the 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



elaborate theogonies of Greece and Egypt. They are no 
more than real insight into real phenomena, allegorized as 
time went on, elaborated by fancy, or idealized by imagina- 
tion, but never losing their original character. 

Thus paganism, in its very nature, was expansive, self- 
developing, and, as Mr. Hume observed, tolerant; a new god 
was welcomed to the Pantheon as a new scientific discovery 
is welcomed by the Royal Society ; and the various nations 
found no difficulty in interchanging their divinities — a new 
god either representing a new power not hitherto discovered, 
or one with which they were already familiar under a new 
name. With such a power of adaptation and enlargement, 
if there had been nothing more in it than this, such a system 
might have gone on accommodating itself to the change of 
times, and keeping pace with the growth of human character. 
Already in its later forms, as the unity of nature was more 
clearly observed and the identity of it" throughout the 
known world, the separate pov/ers were subordinating them- 
selves to a single supreme king; and, as the poets had ori- 
ginally personified the elemental forces, the thinkers were 
reversing the earlier process, and discovering the law under 
the person. Happily or unhappily, however, what they 
could do for themselves they could not do for the multitude. 
Phoebus and Aphrodite had been made too human to be 
allegorized. Humanized, and yet, we may say, only half 
humanized, retaining their ]3urely physical natui-e, and with- 
out any proper moral attribute at all, these gods and goddesses 
remained, to the many, examples of sensuality made beau- 
tiful; and, as soon as right and wrong came to have a mean- 
ing, it was impossible to worship any more these idealized 
despisers of it. The human caprices and passions which 
served at first to deepen the illusion, justly revenged them- 
selves ; Paganism became a lie, and perished. 

In the meantime, the Jews (and perhaps some other 
nations, but the Jews chiefly and principally) had been 
moving forward along a road wholly difierent. Breaking 
early away from the gods of nature, they advanced along the 
line of their moral consciousness; and leaving the nations to 
study physics, philosophy, and art, they confined themselves 
to man and to human life. Their theology grew up round 
the knowledge of good and evil, and God, with them, -was 
the supreme Lord of the world, who stood towards man in 
the relation of a ruler and a judge. Holding such a faith, to 



G 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



them the toleration of paganism was an impossibility; the 
laws of nature might be many, but the law of conduct was 
one ; there was one law and one king ; and the conditions 
under which He governed the worlds as embodied in the 
Decalogue or other similar code, were looked upon as iron 
and inflexible certainties, unalterable revelations of the will 
of an unalterable Being. So far there was little in common 
between this process and the other; but it was identical 
with it in this one important feature, that moral knowledge, 
like physical, admitted of degrees; and the successive steps 
of it were only purchaseable by experience. The dispensa- 
tion of the law, in the language of modern theology, was not 
the dispensation of grace, and the nature of good and evil 
disclosed itself slowly as men were able to comprehend it. 
Thus, no system of law or articles of belief were or could be 
complete and exhaustive for all time. Experience accu- 
mulates; new facts are observed, new forces display them- 
selves, and all such formulae must necessarily be from 
period to period broken up and moulded afresh. And yet 
the steps already gained are a treasure so sacred, so liable 
are they at all times to be attacked by those lower and 
baser elements in our nature which it is their business to 
hold in check, that the better part of mankind have at all 
times practically regarded their creed as a sacred total to 
which nothing may be added, and from which nothing 
may be taken away; the suggestion of a new idea is re- 
sented as au encroachment, punished as an insidious piece 
of treason, and resisted by the combined forces of all com- 
mon practical understandings, which know too well the 
value of what they have, to risk the venture upon un- 
tried change. Periods of religious transition, therefore, 
when the advance has been a real one, always have been 
violent, and probably will always continue to be so. They 
to whom the precious gift of fresh light has been given 
are called upon to exhibit their credentials as teachers in 
suffering for it. They, and those who oppose them, have 
alike a sacred cause; and the fearful sj)ectacle arises of 
earnest, vehement men, contending against each other as 
for their own souls, in fiery struggle. Persecutions come, 
and martyrdoms, and religious wars; and, at last, the old 
faith, like the phoenix, expires upon its altar, and the new 
rises out of the ashes. 

Such, in briefest outline; has been the history of religions, 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



7 



natural and moral; the first, indeed, being in no proper 
sense a religion at all, as we understand religion ; and only 
assuming the character of it in the minds of great men 
whose moral sense had raised them beyond their time and 
country, and who, feeling the necessity of a real creed, with 
an effort and with indifferent success, endeavoured to express, 
under the systems which they found, emotions which had no 
proper place before. 

Of the transition periods which we have described as 
taking place under the religion which we call moral, the 
first known to us is marked at its opening by the appear- 
ance of the Book of Job, the first fierce collision of the new 
fact with the formula which will not stretch to cover it. 

The earliest phenomenon likely to be observed connected 
with the moral government of the world is the general one, 
that on the wliole, as things are constituted, good men 
prosper and are happy, bad men fail and are miserable. The 
cause of such a condition is no mystery, and lies very near 
the surface. A s soon ^ as men combine in society, they are 
forced to obey certain laws under which alone society is 
possible, and these laws, even in their rudest form, ajDproach 
the laws of conscience. To a certain extent, every one is 
obliged to sacrifice his private inclinations; and those who 
refuse to do so are punished, or are crushed. If society were 
perfect, the imperfect tendency would carry itself out till the 
two sets of laws were identical ; but perfection so far has 
been only in Utopia, and as far as we can judge by experience 
hitherto, they have approximated most nearly in the simplest 
and most rudimentary forms of life. Under the systems 
which we call patriarchal, the modern distinction between 
sins and crimes had no existence. A 11 gross sins were ofiences 
against society, as it then was constituted, and, wherever it 
was possible, were punished as being so; chicanery and 
those subtle advantages which the acute and unscrupulous 
can take over the simjDle, without open breach of enacted 
statutes, were only possible under the complications of more 
artificial polities ; and the oppression or injury of man by 
man was open, violent, obvious, and therefore easily under- 
stood. Doubtless, therefore, in such a state of things, it 
would, on the whole, be true to experience, that, judging 
merely by outward prosperity or the reverse, good and bad 
men would be rewarded and punished as such in this actual 
world ; so far, that is, as the administration of such rewards 



8 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



and punishments was left in the power of mankind. But 
theology could not content itself with general tendencies. 
Theological propositions then, as much as now, were held to 
be absolute, universal, admitting of no exceptions, and ex- 
plaining every phenomenon. Superficial generalizations were 
construed into immutable decrees ; the God of this world 
was just and righteous, and temporal prosperity or wretched- 
ness were dealt out by him immediately by his own will to his 
subjects, according to their behaviour. Thus the same dispo- 
sition towards completeness which was the ruin of paganism, 
here, too, was found generating the same evils; the half 
truth rounding itself out with falsehoods. 'Not only the 
consequences of ill actions which followed through them- 
selves, but the accidents, as we call them, of nature, earth- 
quakes, storms, and pestilences, were the ministers of God's 
justice, and struck sinners only with discriminating accuracy. 
That the sun should shine alike on the evil and the good was 
a creed too high for the early divines, or that the victims of 
a fallen tower were no greater offenders than their neigh- 
bours. The conceptions of such men could , not pass beyond 
the outward temporal consequence; and if God's hand was 
not there it was nowhere. We might have expected that 
such a theory of things could not long resist the accumulated 
contradictions of experience ; but the same experience shows 
also what a marvellous power is in us of thrusting aside 
phenomena which interfere with our cherished convictions; 
and when such convictions are consecrated into a creed 
which it is a sacred duty to believe, experience is but like 
water dropping upon a rock, which wears it away, indeed, 
at last, but only in thousands of years. This theory was 
and is the central idea of the Jewish polity, the obstinate 
toughness of which has been the perplexity of Gentiles and 
Christians from the first dawn of its existence ; it lingers 
among ourselves in our Liturgy and in the popular belief; 
and in spite of the emphatic censure of Him after whose 
name we call ourselves, is still the instant interpreter for us 
of any unusual calamity, a potato blight, a famine, or an 
epidemic : such vitality is there in a moral faith, though now, 
at any rate, contradicted by the experience of all mankind, 
and at issue even with Christianity itself. 

At what period in the world's history misgivings about it 
began to show themselves it is now impossible to say; it was 
at the close, probably, of the patriarchal period, when men 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



9 



who really tliought must have found it palpably shaking 
under them. Indications of such misgivings are to be found 
in the Psalms, those especially passing under the name of 
Asaph ; and all through Ecclesiastes there breathes a spirit 
of deepest and saddest scepticism. But Asaph thrusts his 
doubts aside, and forces himself back into his old position ; 
and the scepticism of Ecclesiastes is confessedly that of a 
man who had gone wandering after enjoyment; searching 
after pleasures — pleasures of sense and pleasures of intellect — 
and who, at last, bears reluctant testimony that, by such 
methods, no pleasures can be found which will endure; that 
he had squandered the pov/er which might have been used 
for better things, and had only strength remaining to tell his 
own sad tale as a warning to mankind. There is nothing in 
Ecclesiastes like the misgivings of a noble nature. The 
writer's own personal happiness had been all for which he 
had cared; he had failed, as all men gifted as he was gifted 
are sure to fail, and the lights of heaven were extinguished 
by the disappointment with which his own spirit had been 
clouded. 

Utterly different from these, both in character and in the 
lesson which it teaches, is the Book of Job. Of unknown 
date, as we said, and unknown authorship, the language im- 
pregnated with strange idioms and strange allusions, unjewish 
in form, and in fiercest hostility with Judaism, it hovers like 
a meteor over the old Hebrew literature, in it, but not of it^ 
compelling the acknowledgment of itself by its own internal 
majesty, yet exerting no influence over the minds of the 
people, never alluded to, and scarcely ever quoted, till at last 
the light which it had heralded rose up full over the world in 
Christianity. 

The conjectures which have been formed upon the date of 
this book are so various, that they show of themselves on how 
slight a foundation the best of them must rest. The language 
is no guide, for although unquestionably of Hebrew origin, it 
bears no analogy to any of the other books in the Bible; 
while, of its external history, nothing is known at all, except 
that it was received into the canon at the time of the great 
synagogue. Ewald decides, with some confidence, that it 
belongs to the great prophetic period, and that the writer 
was a contemporary of J eremiah. Ewald is a high authority 
in these matters, and this opinion is the one which we be- 
lieve is now commonly received among biblical scholars. In 

B 3 



10 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



the absence of proof, however (and the reasons which he 
brings forward are really no more than conjectures), these 
opposite considerations may be of moment. It is only 
natural that at first thought we should ascribe the grandest 
poem in a literature to the time at which the poetry of the 
nation to which it belongs w^as generally at its best ; but, on 
reflection, the time when the poetry of prophecy is the 
richest, is not likely to be favourable to compositions of 
another kind. The prophets wrote in an era of decrepitude, 
dissolution, sin, and shame, when the glory of Israel was 
falling round them into ruin, and their mission, glowing as 
they were with the ancient spirit, was to rebuke, to warn, 
to threaten, and to promise. Finding themselves too late to 
save, and only, like Cassandra, desj)ised and disregarded, 
their voices rise up singing the swan song of a dying people, 
now falling away in the wild wailing of despondency over 
the shameful and desperate present, now swelling in tri- 
umphant hope that God will not leave them for ever, and in 
liis own time will take his chosen to himself again. But 
such a period is an ill-occasion for searching into the broad 
problems of human destiny ; the present is all-important and 
all-absorbing ; and such a book as that of J ob could have 
arisen only out of an isolation of mind, and life, and interest, 
w^hich we cannot conceive of as possible. 

The more it is studied, the more the conclusion forces itself 
upon us that, let the writer have lived when he would, in bis 
struggle with the central falsehood of his own people's creed, 
he must have divorced himself from them outwardly as well 
as inwardly j that he travelled away into the world, and lived 
long, perhaps all his matured life, in exile. Everything about 
the book speaks of a person who had broken free from the 
narrow littleness of " the peculiar people." The language, as 
we said, is full of strange words. The hero of the poem is of 
strange land and parentage, a Gentile certainly, not a Jew. 
The life, the manners, the customs, are of all varieties and 
places — Egypt, with its river and its pyramids, is there ; the 
description of mining points to Phoenicia ; the settled life in 
cities, the nomad Arabs, the wandering caravans, the heat of 
the tropics, and the ice of the north, all are foreign to Canaan, 
speaking of foreign things and foreign people. No mention, 
or hint of mention, is there throughout the poem, of Jewish 
traditions or J ewish certainties. We look to find the three 
friends vindicate themselves, as they so well might have done. 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



11 



by appeals to the fertile annals of Israel, to the Flood, to the 
cities of the plain, to the plagues of Egypt, or the thunders of 
Sinai. But of all this there is not a word ; they are passed 
by as if they had no existence ; and instead of them, when 
witnesses are required for the power of God, we have strange 
un- Hebrew stories of the eastern astronomic mythology, the 
old wars of the giants, the imprisoned Orion, the wounded 
dragon, "the sweet influences of the seven stars," and the 
glittering fragments of the sea-snake Rahab'^ trailing across 
ihe northern sky. Again, God is not the God of Israel, but 
the father of mankind ; we hear nothing of a chosen people, 
nothing of a special revelation, nothing of peculiar privi- 
leges ; and in the court of heaven there is a Satan, not the 
prince of this world and the enemy of God, but the angel of 
judgment, the accusing spirit whose mission was to walk to 
and fro over the earth, and carry up to heaven an account of 
the sins of mankind. We cannot believe that thoughts of 
this kind arose out of Jerusalem in the days of Josiah. In 
this book, if anywhere, we have the record of some avrjQ 
TroXvTpoTTOQ who, Hko the old hero of Ithaca, 

TToXXwv avOpcbTTOJV idev aarea icai voov syvoj 
TToWd oy kv ttovtci} irdOev ctXyea dv Karq, OvfJLov 
dpvvjJievoQ 

but the scenes, the names, and the incidents, are all con- 
trived as if to baffle curiosity, as if, in the very form of the 
poem, to teach us that it is no story of a single thing which 
happened once, but that it belongs to humanity itself, and is 
the drama of the trial of man, with Almighty God and the 
angels as the spectators of it. 

No reader can have failed to have been struck with the 
simplicity of the opening. Still, calm, and most majestic, it 
tells us everything which is necessary to be known in the 
fewest possible words. The history of Job was probably a 
tradition in the east ; his name, like that of Priam in Greece, 
the symbol of fallen greatnesS; and his misfortunes the pro- 
blem of philosophers. In keeping with the current belief, he 
is described as a model of excellence, the most perfect and 
upright man upon the earth, " and the same was the greaotest 
man in all the east." So far, greatness and goodness had 
gone hand in hand together, as the popular theory required. 
The details of his character are brought out in the progress of 

* See Ewald on Job ix. 13, and xxvi. 14. 



13 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



the poem. He was " tlie father of the oppressed, and of those 
who had none to help them." When he sat as a judge in the 
market-places, " righteousness clothed Lim" there, and " his 
justice was a robe and a diadem," He " broke the jaws of 
the wicked and plucked the spoil out of his teeth and^ 
humble in the midst of his power, he " did not despise the 
cause of his manservant, or his maidservant, when they con- 
tended with him," knowing (and amidst those old people 
where the multitude of mankind were regarded as the born 
slaves of the powerful, to be carved into eunuchs or polluted 
into concubines at their master's pleasure, it was no easy 
matter to know it) knowing " that He who had made him 
had made them," and one " had fashioned them both in the 
womb." Above all, he was the friend of the poor, "the 
blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon him/' and 
he " made the widow's heart to sing for joy." 

Setting these characteristics of his daily life by the side of 
his unalfected piety, as it is described in the first chapter, we 
have a picture of the best man who could then be conceived ; 
not a hard ascetic, living in haughty or cov/ardly isolation, 
but a warm figure of flesh and blood, a man full of all human 
loveliness, and to whom, that no room might be left for any 
possible Calvinistic falsehood, God himself bears the emphatic 
testimony, " that there was none like him upon the earth, a 
perfect and upright man, who feared God and eschewed evil." 
If such a person as this, therefore, could be made miserable, 
necessarily the current belief of the Jews was false to the 
root ; and tradition furnished the fact that he had been 
visited by every worst calamity. How was it then to be 
accounted for? Out of a thousand possible explanations, the 
poet introduces a single one. He admits us behind the veil 
which covers the ways of Providence, and we hear the 
accusing angel charging Job with an interested piety, and of 
being obedient because it was his policy. "Job does not 
serve God for nought," he says ; " strip him of his splendour, 
and see if he will care for God then. Humble him into 
poverty and wretchedness, so only we shall know what is in 
his heart." The cause thus introduced is itself a rebuke to 
the belief which, with its " rewards and punishments," im- 
mediately fostered selfishness ] and the poem opens with a 
double action, on one side to try the question whether it is 
jDOSsible for man to love God disinterestedly — the issue of 
which trial is not foreseen or even foretold, and we watch the 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



13 



progress of it with an anxious and fearful interest — on the 
other side, to bring out in contrast to the truth which we 
ah'eady know, the cruel falsehood of the popular faith, to 
show how, instead of leading men to mercy and affection, it 
hardens their heart, narrows their sympathies, and enhances 
the trials of the sufferer, by refinements which even Satan 
had not anticipated. The combination of evils, as blow falls 
on blow, suddenly, swiftly, and terribly, has ail the appear- 
ance of a purposed visitation (as indeed it was;) if ever out- 
ward incidents might with justice be interpreted as the 
immediate action of Providence, those which fell on Job 
might be so interpreted. The world turns disdainfully from 
the fallen in the world's way ; but far worse than this, his 
chosen friends, wise, good, pious men, as wisdom and piety 
were then, without one glimpse of the true cause of his 
sufferings, see in them a judgment upon his secret sins. He 
becomes to them an illustration, and even (such are the para- 
logisms of men of this description) a proof of their theory 
that the prosperity of the wicked is but for a while and 
instead of the comfort and help which they might have 
brought him, and which in the end they were made to bring 
him, he is to them no more than a text for the enunciation of 
solemn falsehood. And even worse again, the sufferer him- 
self had been educated in the same creed ; he, too, had been 
taught to see the hand of God in the outward dispensation; 
and feeling from the bottom of his heart, that he, in his own 
case, was a sure contradiction of what he had learnt to 
believe, he himself finds his very faith in God shaken from its 
foundation. The worst evils which Satan had devised were 
distanced far by those which had been created by human 

The creed in which J ob had believed was tried and found 
wanting, and, as it ever will be when the facts of experience 
come in contact with the inadequate formula, the true is 
found so mingled with the false, that they can hardly be dis- 
entangled, and are in danger of being swept away together, 

A studied respect is shown, however, to this orthodoxy ; 
even while it is arraigned for judgment. It may be doubt- 
ful whether the writer purposely intended it. He probably 
cared only to tell the real truth ; to say for it the best 
which could be said, and to produce as its defenders the best 
and wisest men whom in his experience he had known to 
believe and defend it. At any rate, he represents the three 



14 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



friends, not as a weaker person would have represented them, 
as foolish, olDstinate bigots, but as wise, humane, and almost 
great men, who, at the outset, at least, are animated only by 
the kindest feelings, and speak what they have to say wth 
the most earnest conviction that it is true. Job is vehement, 
desperate, reckless. His language is the wild, natural out- 
pouring of suffering. The friends, true to the eternal nature 
of man, are grave, solemn, and indignant, jDreaching their 
half truth, and mistaken only in supposing that it is the 
whole j sj)eaking, as all such persons would speak, and still do 
speak, in defending what they consider sacred truth against 
the assaults of folly and scepticism. How beautiful is their 
first introduction : — 

''Now when Job's three friends hea.rd of all this evil which was 
come upon him, they came every one from his own place, Eliphaz the 
Temanite, and Bildad the Shnhite, and Zophar the Naamathite, for 
they had made an appointment together to come to mourn with him 
and to comfort him. And when they lifted np their eyes afar off and 
knew him not, they lifted np their voices and wept, and they rent every 
one his mantle, and sprinkle i dust upon their heads towards heaven. 
So they sate down with him upon the ground seven days and seven 
nights, and none spake a word unto him, for they saw that his grief 
was very great." 

What a picture is there 1 What majestic tenderness ! His 
wife had scoffed at his faith, bidding him leave " God and 
die." " His acquaintance had turned from him." He " had 
called his servant, and he had given him no answer." Even 
the children in their unconscious cruelty had gathered round 
and mocked him, as he lay among the ashes. But " his friends 
sprinkle dust towards heaven, and sit silently by him, and 
weep for him seven days and seven nights upon the ground." 
That is, they were true hearted, truly loving, devout, religious 
men, and yet they, with their religion, were to become the 
instruments of the most poignant sufferings, the sharpest 
temptations, whix?h he had to endure. So it was, and is, and 
will be, — of such materials is this human life of ours com- 
posed. 

And now, remembering the double action of the drama, 
the actual trial of Job, the result of which is uncertain-, and 
the delusion of these men which is, at the outset, certain, let 
us go rapidly through the dialogue. Satan's share in the 
temptation had ah-eady been overcome. Lying sick in the 
loathsome disease which had been sent upon him, his wife, in 
Satan's own words, had tempted Job, to say, " Farewell to 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



15 



God," think no more of God or goodness, since tliis was all 
which came of it ; and Job had told her, that she spoke as 
one of the foolish women. He " had received good at the 
hand of the Lord, and should he not receive evil V But now, 
when real love and real affection appear, his heart melts in 
him j he loses his forced self-composure, and bursts into a 
passionate regret that he had ever been born. In the agony 
of his sufferings, hope of better things had died away. He 
does not complain of injustice j as yet, and before his friends 
have stung and wounded him, he makes no questioning of 
Providence, — but why was life given to him at all, if only for 
this ? And sick in mind and sick in body, but one wish 
remains to him, that death will come quickly and end all. 
It is a cry from the very depths of a single and simple heart. 
But for such simj^licity and singleness his friends could not 
give him credit ; possessed beforehand with their idea, they 
see in his misery only a fatal witness against him ; such 
calamities could noj: have befallen a man, the justice of God 
would not have permitted it, unless they had been deserved. 
J ob had sinned and he had suffered, and this wild passion was 
but impenitence and rebellion. 

Being as certain that they were right in this opinion as 
they were that God himself existed, that they should speak 
what they felt was only natural and necessary; and their 
language at the outset is all which would be dictated by the 
tenclerest sympathy. Eliphaz opens, the oldest and most 
important of the three, in a soft, subdued, suggestive strain, 
contriving in every way to spare the feelings of the sufferer, 
to the extreme to which his real love will allow him. All is 
general, imjDersonal, indirect, the rule of the world, the order 
of Providence. He does not accuse J ob, but he describes his 
calamities, and leaves him to gather for himself the occasion 
whicii had produced them, and then passes off, as if further to 
soften the blow, to the mysterious vision in which the in- 
firmity of mortal nature had been revealed to him, the uni- 
versal weakness which involved both the certainty that Job 
had shared in it, and the excuse for him, if he would confess 
and humble himself : the blessed virtue of repentance follows, 
and the promise that all shall be well. 

This is the note on which each of the friends strikes suc- 
cessively, in the first of the three divisions into which the 
dialogue divides itself, but each with increasing peremptori- 
ness and confidence, as J ob, so far from accepting their inter- 



16 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



pretation of what had befallen him, hurls it from him in 
anger and disdain. Let us observe (what the Calvinists make 
of it they have given us no means of knowing,) he will hear 
as little of the charges against mankind, as of charges against 
himself He will not listen to the " corruption of humanity/' 
because in the consciousness of his own innocency, he knows 
that it is not corrupt : he knows it, and we know it^ the 
divine sentence upon him having been already passed. ^ He 
will not acknowledge his sin, he cannot repent, for he knows 
not of what to repent. If he could have reflected calmly, he 
might have foreseen what they would say. He knew all 
that as well as they : it was the old story which he had 
learnt, and could repeat, if necessary, as well as any one : and 
if it had been no more than a philosophical discussion, touch- 
ing himself no more nearly than it touched his friends, he 
might have allowed for the tenacity of opinion in such matters, 
and listened to it and replied to it with equanimity. But as 
the proverb says, " it is ill talking between a full man and a 
X fasting:" and in him such equanimity would have been but 
Stoicism or the affectation of it, and unreal as the others' 
theories. Possessed with the certainty that he had not 
deserved what had befallen him, harassed with doubt, and 
worn out with pain and unkindness, he had assumed (and 
how natural that he should assume it), that those who loved 
him would not have been hasty to believe evil of him, that 
he had been safe in speaking to them as he really felt, and 
that he might look to them for something warmer and more 
sympathizing than such dreary eloquence. So when the reve- 
lation comes upon him of what was passing in them, he attri- 
butes it (and now he is unjust to them) to a falsehood of 
heart, and not to a blindness of understanding. Their sermons, 
so kindly intended, roll past him as a dismal mockery. They 
had been shocked (and how true again is this to nature) at 
his passionate cry for death. "Do ye reprove words ^" he 
says, and the speeches of one that is desperate, which are as 
windf It was but poor friendship and narrow wisdom. He 
had looked to them for pity, for comfort, and love. He had 
longed for it as the parched caravans in the desert for the 
water-streams, and " his brethren had dealt deceitfully with 
him," as the brooks, which in the cool winter roll in a full 
turbid stream, "what time it waxes warm they vanish, 
when it is hot they are consumed out of their place. The 
caravans of Tema looked for them, the companies of Sheba 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



17 



waited for them. They were confounded because they had 
hoped. They came thither and there was nothing." If for 
once these poor men could have trusted their hearts, if for 
once they could have believed that there might be more 
things in heaven and earth" than were dreamt of in their 
philosophy — but this is the one thing which they could not 
dO; which the theologian proper never has done or will do. 
And thus whatever of calmness or endurance, Job alone, on 
his ash- heap, might have conquered for himself, is all scat- 
tered away ; and as the strong gusts of passion sweep to and 
fro across his heart, he pours himself out in wild fitful music, 
so beautiful because so true, not answering tliem or their 
speeches, but now flinging them from him in scorn, now 
appealing to their mercy, or turning indignantly to God ; 
now praying for death ; now in perplexity doubting whether, 
in some mystic way which he cannot understand, he may not, 
perhaps after all, really have sinned, and praying to be shown 
it ; and then staggering further into the darkness, and 
breaking out into upbraidings of the Power which has become 
so dreadful an enigma to him. " Thou inquirest after my 
iniquity, thou searchest after my sin, and thou knowest that 
I am not wicked. Why didst thou bring me forth out of the 
womb 1 Oh, that I had given up the ghost, and no eye had 
seen me. Cease, let me alone. It is but a little vrhile that I 
have to live. Let me alone, that I may take comfort a little 
before I go, whence I shall not return to the land of darkness 
and the shadow of death." In what other poem in the world 
is there pathos so deep as this ? With experience so stern as 
his, it was not for Job 'to be calm, and self possessed, and 
delicate in his words. He speaks not what he knows, but 
what he feels; and without fear the writer allows him to 
throw it out all genuine as it rises, not overmuch caring how 
nice ears might be ofiended, but contented to be true to the 
real emotion of a genuine human heart. So the poem runs 
on to the end of the first answer to Zophar. 

But now with admirable fitness, as the contest goes for- 
ward, the relative position of the speakers begins to change. 
Hitherto Job only had been passionate ; and his friends tem- 
perate and collected. ISTow, however, shocked at his obsti- 
nacy, and disappointed wholly in the result of their homilies, 
they stray still further from the truth in an endeavour to 
strengthen their position, and, as a natural consequence, 
visibly grow angry. To them Job's vehement and desperate 



16 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



speeches are damning evidence of the truth of their suspicion. 
Impiety is added to his first sin, and they begin to see in him 
a rebel against God. At first they had been contented to 
speak generally ; and much which they ha,d urged was par- 
tially true; now they step forward to a direct application, and 
formally and personally accuse himself. Here their ground is 
positively false ; and with delicate art it is they who are now 
growing passionate, and wounded self-love begins to show 
behind their zeal for God ; while in contrast to them, as there 
is less and less -truth in what they say, Job grows more and 
more collected. For a time it had seemed doubtful how he 
would endure his trial. The light of his faith was burning 
feebly and unsteadily; a little more and it seemed as if it 
might have u.tterly gone out ; but at last the storm was 
lulling ; as the charges are brought personally home to him, 
the confidence in his own real innocence rises against them. 
He had before known that he was innocent, now he feels the 
strength which lies in innocence, as if God were beginning to 
reveal Himself within him, to prepare the way for the after 
outward manifestation of Himself. 

The friends, as before, repeat one another with but little 
difference ; the sameness being of course intentional, as show- 
ing that they were not speaking for themselves, but as repre- 
sentatives of a prevailing opinion. Eliphaz, again, gives the 
note which the others follow. Hear this Calvinist of the old 
world. Thy own mouth conclemneth thee, and thine own 
lips testify against thee. What is man that he should be 
clean, and he that is bom of a woman that he should be 
righteous 1 Behold, he putteth no trust in his saints ; yea, 
the heavens are not clean in his sight ; how much more 
abominable and filthy is man, which drinketh iniquity like 
water." Strange, that after all these thousands of years, we 
should still persist in this degrading confession, as a thing 
which it is impious to deny and impious to attempt to render 
otherwise, when scripture itself, in language so emphatic, 
declares that it is a lie. Job is innocent, perfect, righteous. 
God Himself bears witness to it. It is Job who is found at 
last to have spoken truth, and the friends to have sinned in 
denying it. And he holds fast by his innocency, and with a 
generous confidence puts away the misgivings which had 
begun to cling to him. Among his complainings he had ex- 
claimed, that God was remembering upon him the sins of his 
youth — not denying them — knowing well, that he, like others, 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



19 



had gone astray before he had learnt to control himself, but 
feeling that at least in an earthly father it is unjust to visit 
the faults of childhood on the matured man; feeling that he 
had long, long shaken them off from him, and they did not 
even impair the probity of his after life. But now these 
doubts, too, pass away in the brave certainty that God is not 
less just than man. As the denouncings grow -louder and 
darker, he appeals from his narrow judges to the Supreme 
Tribunal, calls on God to hear him and to try his cause — and, 
•then, in the strength of this appeal his eye growls clearer still. 
His sickness is mortal : he has no hope in life, and death is 
near, but the intense feeling that justice must and will be 
done, holds to him closer and closer. God may appear on 
earth for him ; or if that be too bold a hope, and death finds 
him as he is — what is death then 1 God will clear his me- 
mory in the place where he lived; his injuries will be righted 
over his gTave ; while for himself, like a sudden gleam of 
sunlight between clouds, a clea^r, bright hope beams up, that 
he too, then, in another life, if not in this, when his skin is 
wasted off his bones, and the worms have done their work on 
the prison of his spirit, he, too, at last may then see God ; 
may see Him, and have his pleadings heard. 

With such a hope, or even the shadow of one, he turns 
back to the world again to look at it. Eacts against which 
he had before closed his eyes he allows and confronts, and he 
sees that his own little experience is but the reflection of a 
law. You tell me, he seems to say, that the good are rewarded, 
and that the wicked are punished, that God is just, and that 
this is always so. Perhaps it is, or ^Yill be, but not in the 
way Y/hich you imagine. You have known me, you have 
known what my life has been ; you see what I am, and it is 
no difficulty to you. You prefer believing that I, whom you 
call your friend, am a deceiver or a pretender, to admitting 
the possibility of the falsehood of your hypothesis. You will 
not listen to my assurance, and you are angry with me be- 
cause I will not lie against my own soul, and acknowledge 
sins which I have not committed. You appeal to the course 
of the world in proof of jour faith, and challenge me to 
answer you. Well, then, I accept your challenge. The 
world is not w^hat you say. You have told me what you 
have seen of it. I will tell you what I have seen. 

' ' Even while I remember I am afraid, and trembling taketli bold upon 
my flesh. T\^herefore do the wicked become old, yea, and are mighty in 



20 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



power. Their seed is established in their sight with them, and their 
offspring "before their eyes. Their houses are safe from fear, neither is the 
rod of Grod upon them. Their bull gendereth and faileth not ; their cow 
calveth and casteth not her calf. They send forth their little ones like a 
fiock, and their children dance. They take the timbrel and harp, and re- 
joice at the sound of the organ. They spend their days in wealth, and in a 
moment go down into the grave. Therefore they say unto God, Depart 
from us, for we desire not the knowledge of thy ways. What is the 
Almighty that we should serve him ? and what profit should we have if 
we pray to him ?" 

Will you quote the weary proverb? Will you say tliat, 
" God layeth up his iniquity for his children?" (our trans- 
lators have wholly lost the sense of this passage, and endeavour 
to make Job acknowledge what he is steadfastly denying.) 
Well^ and what then? What will he care? " Will his own eye 
see his own fall? Will he drink the wrath of the Almighty ? 
What are the fortunes of his house to him if the number of 
his own months is fulfilled?" One man is good and another 
wicked, one is happy and another is miserable. In the 
great indifference of nature they share alike in the common 
lot. " They lie down alike in the dust, and the worms cover 
them." Ewald, and many other critics, suppose that Job 
was hurried away by his feelings to say all this ; and that in 
his calmer moments he must have felt that it was untrue. It 
is a point on which we must decline accepting even Ewald's 
high authority. Even then, in those old times, it was begin- 
ning to be terribly true. Even then the current theory 
was obliged to bend to large exceptions; and what Job saw 
as exceptions we see round us everywhere. It was true then, 
it is infinitely more true now, that what is called virtue in 
the common ^ense of the word, still more that nobleness, 
godliness, or heroism of character in any form whatsoever, 
have nothing to do with this or that man's prosperity, or 
even happiness. The thoroughly vicious man is no doubt 
wretched enough; but the worldly, prudent, self-restraining 
man, with his five senses, which he understands how to 
gratify with tempered indulgence, with a conscience satisfied 
with the hack routine of what is called resjDectability, such a 
man feels no wretchedness ; no inward uneasiness disturbs 
him, no desires which he cannot gratify; and this though he 
be the basest and most contemptible slave of his own selfish- 
ness. Providence will not interfere to punish him. Let 
him obey the laws under which prosperity is obtainable, and 
he will obtain it, let him never fear. He will obtain it, be 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



21 



he base or noble. Nature is indifferent j the famine, and 
the earthquake, and the blight, or the accident, will not 
discriminate to strike him. He may insure himself against 
those in these days of ours : with the money perhaps which 
a better man would have given away, and he will have his 
reward. He need not doubt it. 

And again, it is not true, as optimists would persuade us, 
that such prosperity brings no real pleasure. A man with 
no high aspirations who thrives, and makes money, and en- 
velops himself in comforts, is as happy as such a nature can 
be. If unbroken satisfaction be the most blessed state for a 
man (and this certainly is the practical notion of happiness) 
he is the happiest of men. Nor are those idle phrases any 
truer, that the good man's goodness is a never-ceasing sun- 
shine; that virtue is its own reward, &c. &c. If men truly 
virtuous care to be rewarded for it, their virtue is but a poor 
investment of their moral capital. Y/as Job so happy then 
on that ash-heap of his, the mark of the world's scorn, and 
the butt for the spiritual archery of the theologian, alone in 
his forlorn nakedness, like some old dreary stump which 
the lightning has scathed, rotting away in the wind and the 
rain? Happy! if happiness be indeed what we men are sent 
into this world to seek for, those hitherto thought the noblest 
among us were the pitifullest and wretchedest. Surely it was 
no error in Job. It was that real insight which once was given 
to all the world in Christianity, however v/e have forgotten 
it now. He was learning to see that it was not in the pos- 
session of enjoyment, no, nor of happiness itself, that the 
difference lies between the good and the bad. True, it might 
be that God sometimes, even generally, gives such happiness 
— gives it in what Aristotle calls an eTrLyiyvojJievov reXoc, 
but it is no part of the terms on which He admits us to His 
service, still less is it the end which we may propose to our- 
selves on entering His service. Happiness he gives to whom 
He will, or leaves to the angel of nature to distribute among 
those who fulfil the laws upon which it depends. But to 
serve God and to love Him is higher and better than hap- 
piness, though it be with wounded feet, and bleeding brow, 
and hearts loaded with sorrow. Into this high faith Job is 
rising, treading his temptations under his feet, and finding in 
them a ladder on which his spirit rises. Thus he is passing 
further and even further from his friends, soaring where their 
imaginations cannot follow him. To them he is a blasphemer 



22 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



whom tliey gaze at with, awe and terror. They had charged 
him with sinning on the strength of their hypothesis, and he 
has answered with a deliberate denial of it. Losing now all 
mastery over themselves, they pour out a torrent of mere 
extravagant invective and baseless falsehood, which in the 
calmer outset they would have blushed to think of They 
knoiv no evil of Job, but they do not hesitate now to convert 
conjecture into certainty, and specify in detail the particular 
crimes which he must have committed. He ought to have 
committed them, and so he had ; the old argument then as 
now. — " Is not thy wickedness great T says Eliphaz. " Thou 
bast taken a pledge from thy brother for nought, and stripped 
the naked of their clothing ; thou hast not given water to 
the weary, and thou hast withholden bread from the hungry 
and so on through a series of mere distracted lies. But the 
time was past when words like these could make Job angry. 
Bildad follows them up with an attempt to frighten him by 
a picture of the power of that God whom he was blaspheming ; 
but Job cuts short his harangue, aiid ends it for him in a 
spirit of loftiness which Bildad could not have approached ; 
and then proudly and calmly rebukes them all, no longer in 
scorn and irony, but in high, tranquil self-possession. " God 
forbid that I should justify you," he says ; till I die I will 
not remove my integrity from me. My righteousness I hold 
fast, and will not let it go. My heart shall not reproach me 
so long as I live." 

So far all has been clear, each party, with increasing con- 
fidence, having insisted on their own position, and denounced 
their adversaries. A difficulty now arises, which, at first sight, 
appears insurmountable. As the cha])ters are at present 
printed, the entire of the twenty-seventh is assigned to Job, 
and the verses from the eleventh to the twenty-third are in 
direct contradiction to all which he has maintained before, 
are, in fact, a concession of having been wrong from the be- 
ginning. Ewald, who, as we said above, himself refuses to 
allow the truth of Job's last and highest position, supposes 
that he is here receding from it, and confessing what an over 
precipitate passion had betrayed him into denying. For 
many reasons, principally because we are satisfied that Job 
said then no more than the real fact, we cannot think Ewald 
right; and the concessions are too large and too inconsistent, 
to be reconciled even with his own general theory of the 
poem. Another solution of the difficulty is very simple, 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



23 



altliongli, it is to be admitted, tliat it rather cuts the knot 
than unties it. Eli])haz and Bildad have each spoken a third 
time; the symmetry of the general form requires that now 
Zophar should speak ; and the suggestion, we believe, was 
first made by Dr. Kennicott, that he did speak, and that 
the verses in question belong to him. Any one who is ac- 
customed to MSS. will understand easily how such a mistake, 
if it be one, might have arisen. Even in Shakespeare, the 
speeches in the early editions are, in many instances, wrongly 
divided, and assigned to the wrong persons. It might have 
arisen from inadvertency; it might have arisen from the 
foolishness of some Jewish transcriber, who resolved, at all 
costs, to drag the book into harmony with Judaism, and 
make Job unsay his heresy. This view has the merit of fully 
clearing up the obscurity ; another, however, has been sug- 
gested by Eichorn, who originally followed Kennicott, but 
discovered, as he supposed, a less violent hypothesis, which 
was equally satisfactory. He imagines the verses to be a 
summary by Job of his adversaries' opinions, as if he said — 
Listen now ; you know what the facts are as well as I, and 
yet you maintain this ;" and then passed on with his indirect 
reply to it. It is possible that Eichorn may be right — at 
any rate, either he is right, or else Dr. Kennicott is. Cer- 
tainly, Ewald is not. Taken as an account of Job's own 
conviction, the passage contradicts the burden of the whole 
poem. Passing it by, therefore, and going to what imme- 
diately follows, we arrive at what, in a human sense, is the 
final climax — Job's victory and triumph. He had appealed 
to God, and God had not apj)eared ; he had doubted and 
fought against his doubts, and at last, had crushed them 
down. He, too, had been taught to look for God in outward 
judgments; and when his own experience had shown him his 
mistake, he knew not where to turn. He had been leaning 
on a bruised reed, and - it had run into his hand, and pierced 
him. But as soon as in the speeches of his friend he saw it 
all laid down in its weakness and its false conclusions — when 
he saw the defenders of it wandering further and further 
from what he knew to be true, growing every moment, as if 
from a consciousness of the unsoundness of their standing 
ground, more violent, obstinate, and unreasonable, the scales 
fell more and more from his eyes — he had seen the fact that 
the wicked might prosper, and in learning to depend upon 
his innocency he had felt that the good man's support was 



24 



THE BOOK OP JOB. 



tliere, if it was anywhere; and at last, with all his heart, 
was reconciled to it. The mystery of the outer world be- 
comes deeper to him, but he does not any more try to under- 
stand it. The wisdom which can compass that, he knows, is 
not in man; though man search for it deeper and harder 
than the miner searches for the hidden treasures of the earth ; 
and the wisdom which alone is possible to him, is resignation 
to God. 

Where," lie cries, shall wisdom be found, and where is the place of 
understanding ? Man knoweth not the price thereof, neither is it found in 
the land of the living. The depth said it is not with me ; and the sea said 
it is not in me. It is hid from the eyes of all living, and kept close from 
the fowls of the air.^" Gfod understandeth the way thereof, and he knoweth 
the place thereof [He, not man, understands the mysteries of the world 
which He has made]. And unto man He said, Behold I the fear of the Lord, 
that is wisdom, and to depart from evil, that is understanding." 

Here, therefore, it might seem as if all was over. There 
is no clearer or purer faith possible for man; and Job had 
achieved it. His evil had turned to good; and sorrow had 
severed for him the last links which boimd him to lower 
things. He had felt that he could do without happiness, 
that it was no longer essential, and that he could live on, and 
still love God, and cling to Him. But he is not described 
as of preternatural, or at all Titanic nature, but as very man, 
full of all human tenderness and susceptibility. His old life 
was still beautiful to him. He does not hate it because he 
can renounce it; and now that the struggle is over, the 
battle fought and won, and his heart has flowed over in that 
magnificent song of victory, the note once more changes : he 
turns back to earth, to linger over those old dej^arted days, 
with which the present is so hard a contrast ; and his para- 
ble dies away in a strain of plaintive, but resigned melan- 
choly. Once more he throws himself on God, no longer in 
passionate expostulation, but in pleading humility. t And 

* An allusion, perhaps, to the old bird auguries. The birds, as the in- 
habitants of the air, were supposed to be the messengers between heaven 
and earth. 

f The speech of Elihu, which lies between Job's last words and Gfod's 
appearance, is now decisively pronounced by Hebrew scholars not to be 
genuine. The most superficial reader will have been perplexed by the 
introduction of a speaker to whom no allusion is made, either in the pro- 
logue or the epilogue ; by a long dissertation, v/hich adds nothing to the 
progress of the argument, proceeding evidently on the false hypothesis of 
the three friends, and betraying not the faintest conception of the real cause 
of Job's sufferings. And the suspicions which such an anomaly would 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



25 



then comes (perhaps, as Ewald says, it could not have come 
before) the answer out of the whirlwind. Job had called on 
Him, and prayed that He might appear, that he might plead 
his cause with Him ; and now He comes, and what will Job 
do 1 He comes not as the healing spirit in the heart of man ; 
but, as Job had at first demanded, the outward God, the 
Almighty Creator of the universe, and clad in the terrors 
and the glory of it. Job. in his first precipitancy, had de- 
sired to reason with Him on His government. The poet, in 
gleaming lines, describes for an answer the universe as it then 
was known, the majesty and awfulness of it ; and then asks 
whether it is this which he requires to have explained to 
him, or which he believes himself capable of conducting. 
The revelation acts on Job as the sign of the Macrocosmos 
on the modern Faust ; but when he sinks crushed, it is not 
as the rebellious upstart, struck down in his pride — for he 
had himself, partially at least, subdued his own presumption 
— but as a humble penitent, struggling to overcome his 
weakness. He abhors himself for his murmurs, and "repents 
in dust and ashes." It will have occurred to every one that 
the secret which has been revealed to the reader is not, after 
all, revealed to Job or to his friends, and for this plain reason : 
the burden of the drama is not that we do, but that we do 
not, and cannot, know the mystery of the government of the 
world, that it is not for man to seek it, or for God to reveal 
it. We, the readers, are, in this one instance, admitted 
behind the scenes — for once, in this single case — because it 
was necessary to meet the received theory by a positive fact, 
which contradicted it. But the explanation of one case need 
not be the explanation of another j our business is to do what 
we know to be right, and ask no questions. The veil wliich 
in the -Egyptian legend lay before the face of Isis, is not to 

naturally suggest, are now made certainties by a fuller knowledge of the lan- 
guage, and tlie detection of a different hand. The Interpolator has uncon- 
sciously confessed the feeling which allowed him to take so great a liberty. 
He, too, possessed with the old Jew theory, was unable to accept in its fulness 
so great a contradiction to it : and, missing the spirit of the poem, he belieyed 
that Gfod's honour could still be vindicated in the old way. ''His T\Tath 
was kindled" against the friends, because they could not answer Job ; and 
against Job because he would not be answered; and conceiving himself 
full of matter," and "ready to burst like new bottles," he could not con- 
tain -himself, and delivered into the text a sermon on the Tkeodice, 
such, we suppose, as formed the current doctrine of the time in which he 
lived. 

C 



26 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



be raised ; and we are not to seek to penetrate secrets whicli 
are not ours. 

While, however, God does not condescend to justify His 
ways to man, He gives judgment on the past controversy. 
The self-constituted pleaders for Him, the acce]3tors of His 
person, were all wrong ; and Job, the passionate, vehement, 
scornful, misbelieving Job, he had spoken the truth ; he at 
least had spoken facts, and they had been defending a transient 
theory as an everlasting truth. 

' ' And it was so, that after tlie Lord liad spoken these words to J ob, 
the Lord said to Eliphaz the Temanite, I>lj wath is kindled against 
thee and against thy two friends; for ye have not spoken of me the 
thing that is right, as my servant Job hath. Therefore take nnto you 
now seven bnliocks and seven rams, and go to my servant Job ; and 
offer for yourselves a burnt-offering. And my servant Job shall pray 
for you, and him will I accept. Lest I deal with you after your folly, 
for that ye have not spoken of me the thing which is right, like my 
servant Job." , 

One act of justice remains. Knowing as we do, the cause 
of Job's sufferings, and that as soon as his trial was over, it 
was no longer operative, our sense of fitness could not be 
satisfied unless he were indemnified outwardly for his out- 
ward sufferings. Satan is defeated, and his integrity proved ; 
and there is no reason why the general law should be inter- 
fered with, which, however large the exceptions, tends to 
connect goodness and prosperity ; or why obvious calamities, 
obviously undeserved, should remain any more un removed. - 
Perhaps, too, a deeper lesson still lies below his restora- 
tion — something perhaps of this kind. Prosperity, enjoy- 
ment, happiness, comfort, peace, whatever be the name by 
vfhich we designate that state in which life is to our own 
selves pleasant and delightful, as long as they are sought or 
prized as things essential, so far have a tendency to disennoble 
our nature, and are a sign that we are still in servitude to 
selfishness. Only when they lie outside us, as ornaments 
merely to be worn or laid aside as God pleases, only then 
jnay such things be possessed with impunity. Job's heart in 
early times had clung to them more than he knew, but now 
he was purged clean, and they were restored because he had 
ceased to need them. 

Such in outline is this wonderful poem. With the material 
of which it is woven we have not here been concerned, 
although it is so rich and pregnant, that we might with little 
difficulty construct out of it a complete picture of the worjd 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



27 



as then it was : its life, knowledge, arts, habits, superstitions, 
hopes, and fears. The subject is the problem of all mankind, 
and the composition embraces no less wide a range. But 
what we are here most interested upon, is the epoch which 
it marks in the progress of mankind, as the first recorded 
struggle of a new experience with an established orthodox 
belief. True, for hundreds of years, perhaps for a thousand, 
the superstition against which it was directed continued ; 
when Christ came it was still in its vitality. Nay, as we 
saw, it is alive, or in a sort of mock life, among us at this 
very day. But even those who retained their imperfect 
belief had received into their canon a book which treated it 
with contumely and scorn, so irresistible was the lofty 
majesty of its truth. 

In days like these, when we hear so much of progress, it 
is worth while to ask ourselves, what advances we have made 
further in the same direction ? and once more, at the risk of 
some repetition, let us look at the position in which this 
book leaves us. It had ^been assumed, that man if he lived a 
just and ujDright life, had a right to expect) to be happy. 
Happiness, " his being's end and aim," was his legitimate and 
covenanted reward. If God therefore was just, such a man 
would be happy ; and inasmuch as God was just, the man 
who was not happy had not deserved to be. There is no flaw 
in this argument j and if it is unsound, the fallacy can only 
lie in the supposed right to happiness. It is idle to talk of 
inward consolations. Job felt them, but they were not 
everything. They did not relieve the anguish of his wounds j 
they did not make the loss of his children, or his friends' un-- 
kindness, any the less painful to him. 

The poet, indeed, restores him in the book ; but in life it 
need not have been so. He might have died upon his ash- 
heap as thousands of good men have died, and will die again 
in misery. Happiness, therefore, is not what we are to look 
for. Our place is to be true to the best which we know, to 
seek that and do that ; and if by " virtue its own reward" be 
meant' that the good man cares only to continue good, de- 
siring nothing more ; then it is a true and noble saying. But 
if virtue be valued because it is politic, because in pursuit of it 
will be found most enjoyment and fewest sufferings, then it is 
not noble any more, and it is turning the truth of God into a 
lie. Let us do right, and whether happiness come or unhappi- 
ness it is no very mighty matter. If it come, life will be sweet ; 



28 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



if it do not come, life will be bitter — bitter, not sweety and yet 
to be borne. On such a theory alone is the government of 
this world intelligibly just. The well-being of our souls de- 
pends only on what we are, and nobleness of character is 
nothing else but steady love of good, and steady scorn of 
evil. The government of the world is a problem while the 
desire of selfish enjoyment survives, and when justice is not 
done according to such standard (which will not be till the 
day after doomsday, and not then) self-loving men will still 
ask, why^ and find no answer. Only to those who have the 
heart to say, we can do without that, it is not what we ask 
or desire, is there no secret. Man will have what he deserves, 
and will find what is really best for him, exactly as he honestly 
seeks for it. Happiness may fly away, pleasure pall or cease- 
to be obtainable, wealth decay, friends fail or prove unkind, 
and fame turn to infamy ; but the power to serve God never 
fails, and the love of Him is never rejected. 

Most of us, at one time or other of our lives, have known 
something of love — of that only pure love in which no self 
is left remaining. We have loved as children, we have loved 
as lovers ; some of us have learnt to love a cause, a faith, a 
country ; and what love would that be which existed only 
with a prudent view to after-interests. Surely, there is a 
love which exults in the power of self-abandonment, ^ and 
can glory in the privilege of sufiering for what is good. 
Que mon nom soit fletri, 'pourvu que la France soit lihre, said 
Danton ; and those wild patriots who had trampled into 
scorn the faith in an immortal life in which they would be 
rewarded for what they were suffering, went to their graves 
as beds, for the dream of a people's liberty. Shall we, who 
would be thought reasonable men, love the living God with 
less heart than these poor men loved their phantom ? Justice 
is done j the balance is not deranged. It only seems de- 
ranged, as long as we have not learnt to serve without look- 
ing to be paid for it. 

Such is the theory of life which is to be found in the 
Book of Job j a faith which has flashed up in all times and 
all lands, wherever noble men were to be found, and which 
passed in Christianity into the acknowledged creed of half 
the world. The cross was the new symbol^ the divine suf- 
ferer the great example, and mankind answered to the call, 
because the appeal was not to what was poor and selfish in 
them, but to whatever of best and bravest was in their 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 29 

nature. The law of reward and punishment was superseded 
by the law of love. Thou shalt love God and thou shalt 
love man ; and that was not love — men knew it once — 
which was bought by the prospect of reward. Times are 
changed with us now. Thou shalt love God and thou shalt 
love man, in the hands of a poor Paley, are found to mean 
no more than, Thou shalt love thyself after an enlightened 
manner. And the same base tone has saturated not only 
om- common feelings, but our Christian theologies and our 
Antichristian jDhilosophies. A prudent regard to our future 
interests, an abstinence from present u.nlawfu] pleasures, 
because they will entail the loss of greater pleasure by-and- 
by, or perhaps be paid for with pain, this is called virtue 
now j and the belief that such beings as men can be influ- 
enced by any feelings nobler or better, is smiled at as the 
dream of enthusiasts whose hearts have outrun their under- 
standings. Indeed, he were but a poor lover whose devotion 
to his mistress lay resting on the feeling that a marriage 
with her would conduce to his own after comforts. That 
were a poor patriot who served his country for the hire which 
his country would give to him. And we should think but 
poorly of a son who thus addressed his earthly father ; 
" Father, on whom my fortunes depend, teach me to do v/hat 
pleases thee, that I, obeying thee in all things, may obtain 
those good things which thou hast promised to give- to thy 
obedient children." If any of us who have lived in so poor 
a faith venture, by-and-by, to put in our claims, Satan v/ill 
be likely to say of us (with better reason than he did of J ob) 
Did they serve God for nought, then ? Take their reward 
from them, and they will curse Him to His face." If 
Christianity had never borne itself more nobly than this, do 
we suppose that those fierce Norsemen who had learnt, in 
the fiery war-songs of the Edda, of what stuff the hearts of 
heroes are composed, would have fashioned their sword-hilts 
into crosses, and themselves into a crusading chivalry^ Let 
us not dishonour our great fathers with the dream of it. The 
Christians, like the Stoics and the Epicureans, would have 
lived their little day among the ignoble sects of an effete 
civilization, and would have passed off and been heard of no 
more. It was in another spirit that those first preachers 
of righteousness went out upon their warfare with evil. They 
preached, not enlightened prudence, but purity, justice, 
goodness j holding out no promises in this world except of 

c2 



30 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



suffering as their great master had suffered, and rejoicing 
that they were counted worthy to suffer for His sake. And 
that crown of glory which they did believe'to await them in 
a life beyoDd the grave, was no enjoyment of what they had 
surrendered in life, was not enjoyment at all in any sense 
which human thought or language can attach to the words ; 
as little like it as the crown of love is like it, which the true 
lover looks for when at last he obtains his mistress. It was 
to be with Christ — ^to lose themselves in Him. 

How all this nobleness ebbed away, and Christianity be- 
came what we know it, we are partially beginning to see. 
The living spirit organized for itself a body of perishable 
flesh : not only the real gains of real experience, but mere 
conjectural hypotheses current at the day for the solution of 
unexplained phenomena, became formulae and articles of 
faith ; again, as before, the living and the dead were bound 
together, and the seeds of decay were already planted on the 
birth of a constructed polity. But there was another cause 
allied to this, and yet different from it, which, though a law 
of human nature itself, seems now-a- days altogether forgotten. 
In the rapid and steady advance of our knowledge of material 
things, we are apt to believe that all our knowledge follows 
the same law, that it is merely generalized experience, that 
experience accumulates daily, and, therefore, that " progress 
of the species," in all senses, is an obvious and necessary fact. 
There is something which is true in this view mixed with a 
great deal which is false. Material knowledge, the physical 
and mechanical sciences, make their way from step to step, 
from experiment to experiment, and each advance is secured 
and made good, and cannot again be lost ; one generation 
takes up the general sum of experience where the last laid it 
down, adds to it what it has the opportunity of adding, and 
leaves it with interest to the next. The successive positions, 
as they are gained, require nothing for the apprehension of 
them but ^ understanding ordinarily cultivated. Preju- 
dices have to be encountered, but prejudices of opinion 
merely, not prejudices of conscience or prejudices of self- 
love, like those which beset our progress in the science of 
morality. Here we enter upon conditions wholly different, 
conditions in which age differs from age, man differs from 
man, and even from himself, at different moments. We aU 
have experienced times when, as we say, we should not know 
ourselves j some, when we fall below our average level ; 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



31 



some, when we are lifted above it, and put on, as it were, a 
higher nature. At sucli intervals as these last (unfortu- 
nately, with most of us, of rare occurrence), many things 
become clear to us, which before were hard sayings ; 
propositions become alive which, usually, are but dry words. 
Our hearts seem purer, our motives loftier ; our purposes, 
what we are proud to acknowledge to ourselves. And, as 
man is unequal to himself, so is man to his neighbour, and 
period to period. The entire method of action, the theories 
of human life which in one era prevail universally, to the 
next are unpractical and insane, as those of this next would 
have seemed mere baseness to the first, if the first could have 
anticipated them. One, we may suppose, holds some 
"greatest nobleness principle," the other some "greatest 
happiness principle and then their very systems of axioms 
will contradict one another ; their general conceptions and 
their detailed interpretations, their, rules, judgments, 
opinions, practices, will be in perpetual and endless collision. 
Our minds take shape from our hearts, and the facts of moral 
experience do not teach their own meaning, but submit to 
many readings, according to the power of eye which we 
bring with us. 

The want of a clear perception of so important a feature 
about us, leads to many singular contradictions. A believer 
in popular Protestantism, who is also a believer in progress, 
ought, if he were consistent, to regard mankind as growing 
every day in a more and more advantageous position with 
respect to the trials of life ; and yet if he were asked whether 
it is easier for him to " save his soul " in the nineteenth 
century than it would have been in the first or second, or 
whether the said soul is necessarily better worth saving, he 
would be perplexed for aii answer. There is hardly one of 
us who, in childhood, has not felt like the Jews to whom 
Christ spoke, that if he had " lived in the days of the 
fathers," if he had had their advantages, he would have 
found duty a much easier matter ; and some of us in mature 
life have felt that, in old Athens, or old republican Kome, in 
the first ages of Christianity, in the Crusades or at the Ke- 
formation, there was a contagious atmosphere of general 
nobleness, in which we should have been less troubled with 
the little feelings which cling about us now. At any rate, 
it is at these rare epochs only that real additions are made to 
our moral knowledge. At such times, new truths are, in- 



32 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



deed, sent down among ub, and for periods longer or shorter, 
may be seen to exercise an ennobling influence on mankind. 
Perhaps what is gained on these occasions is never entirely 
lost. The historical monuments of their effects are at least 
indestructible ; and, when the spirit which gave them birth 
re-appears, their dormant energy awakens again. 

But it seems from our present experience of what, in some 
at least of its modern forms, Christianity has been capable of 
becoming, that there is no doctrine in itself so pure, but 
w^hat the poorer nature which i^ in us can disarm and distort 
it, and adapt it to its own littleness. The once living spirit 
dries up into formulse, and formulae whether of mass-sacrifice 
or vicarious righteousness, or " reward and punishment," are 
contrived ever so as to escape making over high demands on 
men. Some aim at dispensing with obedience altogether, 
and those who insist on obedience rest the obligations of it 
on the poorest of motives. So things go on till there is no 
life left at all ; till, from all higher aspirations we are lowered 
down to the love of self after an enlightened manner ; and 
then nothing remains but to fight the battle over again. The 
once beneficial truth has become, as in Job' s case, a cruel and 
mischievous deception, and the whole question of life and its 
obligations must again be opened. 

It is now some three centuries since the last of such re- 
openings. If we ask ourselves how much during this time 
has been actually added to the sum of our knowledge in 
these matters, what — in all the thousands upon thousands of 
sermons, and theologies, and philosophies with' which Europe 
has been deluged — has been gained for mankind beyond what 
we have found in this very book of Job for instance; how 
far all this has advanced us in the " progress of humanity," it 
were hard, or rather it is easy, to answer. How far we have 
fallen below, let Paley and the rest bear witness ; but what 
moral question can be asked which admits now of a nobler 
solution than was offered two, perhaps three, thousand years 
ago ? The world has not been standing still, experience of 
man and life has increased, questions hav^ multiplied on 
questions, while the answers of the established teachers to 
them have been growing every day-more and more incredible. 
What other answers have there been ? Of all the countless 
books which have appeared, there has been only one of en- 
during importance, in which an attempt is made to carry on 
the solution of the great problem. Job is given over into 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



33 



Satan's hand to be tempted j and tliougli he shakes he does 
not fall. Taking the temptation of Job for his model, 
Goethe has similarly exposed his Faust to trial, and with 
him the tempter succeeds. His hero falls from sin to sin, 
from crime to crime ; he becomes a seducer, a murderer, a 
betrayer, following recklessly his evil angel wherever he 
chooses to lead him ; and yet, with all this, he never wholly 
forfeits our sympathy. In spite of his weakness his heart is 
still true to his higher nature ; sick and restless, even in the 
delirium of enjoyment, he always longs for something better, 
and he never can be brought to say of evil that it is good. 
And, therefore, after all, the devil is balked of his prey ; in 
virtue of this one fact, that the evil in which he steeped him- 
self remained to the last hateful to him, Faust is saved by 
the angels. . . And this, indeed, though Goethe has 
scarcely dealt with it satisfactorily, is a vast subject. It will 
be eagerly answered for the established belief, that such 
cases are its especial province. All men are sinners, and it 
possesses the blessed remedy for sin. But, among the count- 
less numbers of those characters so strangely mixed among 
us, in which the dark and the bright fibres cross like a mesh- 
wqrkj characters at one moment capable ' of acts of heroic 
nobleness, at another, hurried by temptation into actions 
which even common men may deplore, how many are there 
who have never availed themselves of the conditions of 
reconciliation as orthodoxy proffers them, and of such men 
what is to be said ? It was said once of a sinner that to her 
"much was forgiven, for she loved much." But this is 
langTiage which theology has as little appropriated as the 
Jews could appropriate the language of Job. It cannot 
recognize the nobleness of the human heart. It has no 
balance in which to weigh the good against the evil ; and 
when a great Burns, or a Mirabeau comes before it, it can 
but tremblingly count up the offences committed, and then, 
looking to the end. and finding its own terms not to have 
been complied with, it faintly mutters its anathema. Sin 
only it can apprehend and judge ; and for the poor acts 
of struggling heroism, " Forasmuch as they were not done, 
&c., &c., it doubts not but they have the nature of sin."''^ 

Something of the difficulty has been met by Goethe, but 
it cannot be said that he has resolved it ; or at least that he 
has furnished others with a solution which may guide their 

^ See the Tliirteentli Article. 



34 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



judgment. In tlie writer of the Book of J ob there is an awful 
moral earnestness before w^hich we bend as in the presence of 
a superior being. The orthodoxy against which he con- 
tended is not set aside or denied ; he sees what truth is in 
it ; only he sees more than it, and over it, and through it. 
But in Goethe, w^ho needed it more, inasmucli as his problem 
was more delicate and difficult, the moral earnestness is not 
awful, is not even high. We cannot feel that in dealing 
with sin he entertains any great horror of it; he looks on it 
as a mistake, as undesirable; but scarcely as more. Goethe's 
great powers are of another kind ; and this particular ques- 
tion, though in appearance the primary subject of the poem, 
is really only secondary. In substance Faust is more like 
Ecclesiastes than it is like Job, and describes rather the rest- 
lessness of a largely -gifted nature which, missing the guid- 
ance of the heart, plays experiments with life, trying know- 
ledge, pleasure, dissipation, one after another, and hating 
them all ; and then hating life itself as a weary, stale, flat, 
unprofitable mockery. The temper exhibited here will 
probably be perennial in the world. But the remedy for it 
will scarcely be more clear under other circumstances than 
it is at present, and lies in the disposition of the heart, and 
not in any propositions which can be addressed to the under- 
standing. For that other question, how rightly to estimate a 
human being; what constitutes a real vitiation of character, 
and how to distinguish, without either denyiug the good or 
making light of the evil ; how to be just to the popular 
theories, and yet not to blind ourselves to their shallowness 
and injustice — that is a problem for us, for the solution 
of which we are at present left to our ordinary instinct, 
without any recognised guidance whatsoever. 

ISTor is this the only problem which is in the same situa- 
tion. There can scarcely be a more startling contrast be- 
tween fact and theory, than the conditions under which 
practically, positions of power and influence are distributed 
among us, the theory of human worth which the necessities 
of life oblige us to act upon and the theory which we be- 
lieve that we believe. As we look rou.nd among our leading 
men, our statesmen, our legislators, the judges on our bench, 
the commanders of our armies, the men to whom this 
English nation commits the conduct of its best interests, 
profane and sacred, what do we see to be the principles 
which guide our selection'? How entirely do they lie beside 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



35 



and beyond the negative tests'? and how little respect do we 
pay to the breach of this or that commandment in com- 
parison with ability 1 So wholly impossible is it to apply 
the received opinions on such matters to practice, to treat 
men known to be guilty of what theology calls deadly sins, 
as really guilty of them, that it would almost seem we had 
fallen into a moral anarchy; that ability alone is what we 
regard, without any reference at all, except in glaring and 
outrageous cases, to moral disqualifications. It is invidious 
to mention names of living men ; it is worse than invidious 
to drag out of their graves men who have gone down into 
them with honour, to make a point for an argument. But 
we know, all of us, that among the best servants of our 
country there have been, and there are many, whose lives 
will not stand scrutiny by the negative tests, and yvho do not * 
appear very greatly to repent, or to have repented, of their 
sins according to recognized methods. 

Once more, among our daily or weekly confessions, which 
we are supposed to repeat as if we were all of us at all times 
in precisely the same moral condition, we are made to say 
that we have done those things which we ought not to have 
done, and to have left undone those things which we ought 
to have done. An earthly father to whom his children were 
day after day to make this acknowledgment would be apt to 
inquire whether they were trying to do better, whether at 
any rate they were endeavouring to learn; and if he were 
told that although they had made some faint attempts to un- 
derstand the negative part of their duty, yet that of the 
positive part, of those things which they ought to do, they 
had no notions at all, and had no idea that they were under 
obligation to form any, he would come to rather strange con- 
clusions about them. But really and truly, what practical 
notions of duty have we beyond that of abstaining from com- 
mitting sins Not to commit sin, we suppose, covers but a 
small j)art of what is expected of us. Through the entire 
tissue of our employments there runs a good and a bad. 
Bishop Butler tells us, for instance, that even of our time 
there is a portion which is ours, and a portion which is our 
neighbour's ; and if we spend more of it on personal interests 
than our own share, we are stealing. This sounds strange 
doctrine ; we prefer rather making vague acknowledgments, 
and shrink from pursuing them into detail. We say vaguely, 
that in all we do we should consecrate ourselves to God, and 



36 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



our own lips condemn us ; for wliicli among us cares to learn 
tlie way to do it. The devoir of a knight was understood in 
the courts of chivalry, the lives of heroic men, pagan and 
Christian, were once held up before the world as patterns of 
detailed imitation; and now, when such ideals are wanted 
more than ever. Protestantism unhappily stands with a 
drawn sword on the threshold of the inquiry, and tells us 
that it is impious. The law has been fulfilled for us in 
condescension to our inherent worthlessness, and our busi- 
ness is to appropriate another's righteousness, and not, like 
Titans, to be scaling Heaven by profane efforts of our own. 
Protestants, we know very well, v/ill cry out in tones loud 
enough at such a representation of their doctrines. But 
we know also, that unless men may feel a cheerful conviction 
that they can do right if they try, that they can purify them- 
selves, can live noble and worthy lives, unless this is set 
before them as the thing which they are to do, and can suc- 
ceed in doing, they will not wasi:e their energies on what 
they know beforehand will end in failure, and if they may 
not live for God they will live for themselves. 

And all this while the whole complex frame of society is a 
meshwork of duty woven of li\T.ng fibre, and the condition of 
its remaining sound is, that every thread of it of its own free 
energy shall do what it ought. The penalties of duties 
neglected are to the full as terrible as those of sins committed ; 
more terrible perhaps, because more palpable and sure. A 
lord of the land, or an employer of labour, supposes that he 
has no duty except to kee23 what he calls the commandments 
in his own person, to go to church, and to do what he will 
with his own, — and Irish famines follow, and trade strikes, 
and chartisms, and Paris revolutions. We look for a remedy 
in impossible legislative enactments, and there is but one 
remedy which will avail j that the thing v/hich we call public 
opinion learn something of the meaning of human nobleness, 
and demand some approximation to it. As things are we 
have no idea of what a human being ought to be. After the 
fiirst rudimental conditions we pass at once into meaningless 
generalities ; and with no knowledge to guide our judgment, 
we allow it to be guided by meaner principles ; we respect 
money, we respect rank, we respect ability — character is as 
if it had no existence. 

In the midst of this loud talk of progress, therefore, in 
which so many of us at present are agreed to believe, which 



THE BOOK OF JOB. 



37 



is, indeed, the common meeting point of all the thousand 
sects into which we are split, it is with saddened feelings that 
we see so little of it in so large a matter. Progress there is 
in knowledge ; and science has enabled the number of human 
beings capable of existing upon this earth to be indefinitely 
multiplied. But this is but a small triumph if the ratio of 
the good and the bad, the wise and the foolish, the full and 
the hungry remains unaffected. And we cheat ourselves 
with words when we conclude out of our material splendom^ 
an advance of the race. One fruit only our mother earth 
offers up with pride to her Maker — her human children made 
noble by their life upon her ; and how wildly on such mat- 
ters we now are wandering let this one instance serve to 
show. At the moment at which we write,* a series of letters 
are appearing in the Times newspaper, letters evidently of a 
man of ability, and endorsed in large type by the authorities 
of Printing House Square, advocating the establishment of a 
free Greek state with its centre at Constantinople, on the 
ground that the Greek character has at last achieved the 
qualities essential for the formation of a great people, and 
that endued as it is with the practical commercial spirit, and 
taking everywhere rational views of life, there is no fear of a 
repetition from it of the follies of the age of Pericles. We 
should rather think there was not : and yet the writer 
speaks without any appearance of irony, and is saying what 
he obviously means. 

In two things there is progress — progress in knowledge of 
the outward world, and progress in material wealth. This 
last, for the present, creates, perhaps, more evils than it 
relieves j but suppose this difficulty solved, suppose the 
wealth distributed, and every peasant living like a peer — 
what then If this is all, one noble soul outweighs the whole 
of it. Let us follow knowledge to the outer circle of the 
universe, the eye will not be satisfied with seeing, nor the 
ear with hearing. Let us build our streets of gold, and they 
will hide as many aching hearts as hovels of straw. The 
well-being of mankind is not advanced a single step. Know- 
ledge is power, and wealth is power ; and harnessed, as in 
Plato's fable, to the chariot of the soul, and guided by wisdom, 
they may bear it through the circle of the stars ; but left to their 
own guidance, or reined by a fool's hand, they may bring the 



^- August 1853. 
D 



THE BOOK OF JOB, 



poor fool to Phaeton's end, and set a world on fire. One real ser- 
Yice, and perhaps only one, knowledge alone and by itself will 
do for us — it can explode existing superstitions. Everything 
has its appointed time, superstitions like the rest j and theolo- 
gies, that they may not overlive the period in which they can 
be of advantage to mankind, are condemned, by the condi- 
tions of their^ being, to weave a body for themselves out of 
the ideas of the age of their birth ; ideas which, by the 
advance of knowledge, are seen to be imperfect or false. We 
cannot any longer be told that there must be four inspired 
gospels — neither more nor less — because there are four winds 
and four elements. The chemists now count some sixty ele- 
ments, ultimately, as some of them think, reducible into one ; 
and the gospel, like the wind, may blow from every point under 
heaven. But, effectual to destroy old superstitions, whether 
it is equally successful in preventing others from growing in 
their place, is less certain and obvious. In these days of 
table-turnings, mesmerisms, spirit-rappings, odyle fluids, and 
millenarian pamphlets selling 150,000 copies among our best- 
educated classes, we must be allov/ed bo doubt. 

Our one efficient political science hinges on self-interest, 
and the uniform action of motives among the masses of man- 
kind — of selfish motives reducible to system. Such philoso- 
j)hies and such sciences would but poorly explain the rise of 
Christianity, of Mahometanism, or of the Reformation. They 
belong to ages of comparative poverty of heart, when the 
desires of men are limited to material things ; when men are 
contented to labour, and eat the fruit of their labour, and 
then lie down and die. While such symptoms remain among 
as, our faith in progress may remain unshaken ; but it will 
be a faith which, as of old, is the substance of things hoped 
for, the.evidence of things not seen. 



THE END. 



LONDON 

SAVILL ANA EDWAKDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET, 
COVENT GARDEN. 




April 15, 1854. 



A CATALOGUE 



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Contents of jS"©. X., Apeil, 1854 



I. Besults of the Census of 1851. 
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Christianity. 
lY. Criminal Legislation and Pri- 
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YI. Schamyl, the Prophet-War- 
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THE PEOSPECTIVE EEYIEW. 

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11. The Stones of Yenice. 
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of Creation,' and to produce a more last- 
ing effect." — Weekly News. 

" No work in our experience has yet 
been published, so capable of grasping the 
mind of the reader and carrying him 
through the tortuous labyrinth of religious 
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of making a path for the new reformation 
to tread securely on. In this history of 
the conflicts of a deeply religious mind, 
courageously seeking the truth, and con- 
quering for itself, bit by bit, the right to 
pronounce dogmatically on that which it 



had heretofore accepted traditionally, we 
see reflected, as in a mirror, the history 
of the last few centuries. Modern spiri- 
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Mr, Newman : his learning, his piety, his 
courage, his candour, and his thorough 
mastery of his subject, render his alliance 
doubly precious to the cause." — The 
Leader. 

** Mr. Newman is a master of style, and 
his book, written in plain and nervous 
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thinking men, and particularly of all the 
ministers of religion." — Economist. 

"As a narrative of the various doubts 
and misgivings that beset a religious mind 
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and steps by which such conclusions were 
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X. 



The Artist's Married Life 5 Being that of Albert Diirer. 

Translated from the German of Leopold Schefer by Mrs. STODAET. 
Is. P. Qd, 



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"The work reminds us of the happiest 
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Over - legislation. By HEEBEET SPENCEE. Eeprinted, with 
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xn. 

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10 



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XIV. 

Classical Education: its Use and Abuse. Eeprinted from 
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The Protestant Doctrine of Justification by Faitli^ and Sclieme 

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12 



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file Book of Jol). By J. A. FROTJDE, M.A., late Fellow of Exeter 
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VII. Of Conscious Religion as a Source 
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THEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL CRITICISM. 



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Beiiis;, Analytically Considered 3 and Principal Truths in 

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I 



It is marked also by the modesty wliicli 
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^^^^ -e^^^^^t 

SPECULATIVE, MORAL, AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY. 17 



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Tlie Principles of Nature^ her Divine Revelations^ and a Voice 

to Mankind. By and through ANDREW JACKSON DAVISc 
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The Sphere and Duties of Government. Translated from the 
German of BARON WILHELM YON HUMBOLDT. By 
JOSEPH COULTHARD, Jun. [Nearly ready. 

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9^ 



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A System of Moral Science. By LAWRENCE P. HICKOK, 

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The Popular Works of J. G. Fichte. 2 vols, post 8vo, cloth, 

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Money and Morals : A Book for the Times. Containing an 

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effects of the New Grold on Commerce, Incomes, and Pubhc Morals ; 
with some Suggestions relative to the Agricultural Interest, the 
Condition of Towns, and the National Defences. By JOHN 



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"Both in matter and style it is alike 
excellent ; and it is difficult to determine 
whether Mr. I^alor has placed the public 
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with wHch he has investigated several of 
the most abstruse questions which perplex 
pohtical economists — by the fehcitous and 
forcible language in which his meaning is 
uniformly conveyed — or by the high moral 
tone which pervades every part of his 
volume. Earely has philosophy assumed 
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the practical precepts of a benign and 
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"Neither a party nor a superficial pro- 
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Is, 

the writings of the economists, and not 
only in them,, but in much other litera- 
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great facility, and in a very graceful man- 
ner. Essentially, the book is pohtico- 
economical, but it is also social, moral, 
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"A very able and luminous treatise on 
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income and capital reciprocally create and 
augment each other. A person with a very 
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ments, and, as he goes on, will be enabled 
to appreciate the merit, of the author's 
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interest, and, though not concurring in 
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bution to the study of the science on 
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The Agents of Ciyilization. A Series of Lectm-es. By WILLIAM 
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SPECULATIVE, MORAL, AND SOCIAL PniLOSOPIIY, 



19 



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The Progress of the Intellect^ as Exemplified in the Eeligious 

Development of the Grreeks and Hebrews. By R. W. MACKAY, 
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M.A. 

Mr. Mackay brings forward in support 
of his views an amount of erudition whicli 
will prove formidable to his antagonists. 
Most of the best German editions of the 
Greek and Latin classics seem to be per- 
fectly familiar to the author, who knows 
well how to vrield such ponderous mate- 
rials. . . . The account of the theosophy 
of Aristotle, given in the first volume, is 
evidently the production of a master of 
the subject." — Athenmun, 

" ' The Progress of the Intellect' is in- 
comparably the most important contribu- 
tion yet made by any English writer to 
views first broadly put forth by rational- 
istic German theologians. He has widened 
their basis — given them freer scope and 
larger aims — supported them by stores of 
as various and accumulated learning, and 
imparted to them all the dignity which 
can be derived from a sober and weighty 
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thought to which unagination and reason 
contribute in almost equal degrees. This 
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powers ; and to be offered to Mr. Mackay 
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entitled to offer an opinion on the sound- 
ness of its criticism or reasoning, or on 
the truth, or falsehood of its particular 
conclusions, or, indeed, on anything but 
its manifest labour and patience, the rare 
and indisputable monuments of knowledge 
which, we find in it, and the surprising 
range of method it includes — logical, phi- 
losophical, and imagiaative. E'ot many 
books have at any time been published 
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in these respects ; in our own day we re- 
member none." — Examiner. 

" Over the vast area of cloud-land, 
bounded on one side by the wars of the 
Christians, and on the other by the last 
book of the Odyssey, he has thrown the 
penetrating electric light of modem sci- 
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and every phantom by which the mysteri- 
ous region is haunted." — Atlas. 

"All the views are justified by authori- 
ties. The work embraces many important 
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brews, 'and, from this minute accuracy, 
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theories, if not for those who have an in- 
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full of learning, it is remarkably well 
written." — JSconomist. 

" The work before us exhibits an in- 
dustry of research which reminds us of 
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ture, we must seek a parallel in Germany 
rather than in England, while its philo- 
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practical. Scattered through its more ab- 
struse disquisitions are found passages of 
pre-eminent beauty — gems into which are 
absorbed the fijiest rays of intelligence and 
feehng. We believe Mr. Mackay' s work 
is unique in its kind. . . . The analysis 
and history of the theory of mediation, 
from its earliest mythical embodiments, 
are admirable, both from their panoramic 
breadth and their richness in illustrative 
details. We can only recommend the 
reader to resort himself to this treasury of 
mingled thought and learning." — West- 
minster MevieWy Jan. 1, 1851. 



Intellectual Religion: Being the Introductory Chapter to 

' The Progress of the Intellect, as Exemplified in the ReHgious De- 
velopment of the Greeks and Hebrews.' By R. W. MACKAY, 
M.A. 8vo, paper cover, Is. 6d. P. 6d. 



Phrenology^ Psychology^ and Pneumatology 3 or, the Import- 
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8vo, 2s. P. 6d. 



C 



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letters from Ireland. By HARRIET MARTINEAU. Reprinted 
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Every one of these letters contaiu pas- 
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publication of Miss Martineau's Letters, 
as a very late description of Ireland, will 
be universally acceptable." — Economist. 



"... We entertain no doubt, then, 
that our readers will rejoice with us in 
having these contributions brought toge- 
ther and presented again to their notice in 
a compact and inviting form." — Inquirer. 



letters on the laws of Man's Nature and Deyelopment. By 

H. a. ATKINSON and HARRIET MARTINEAU. Post 8vo, 
cloth. Original price, 9^. ; reduced to 5^. P. 1^. 



" Of the many remarkable facts related 
in this book we can say little now. What 
rather strikes us is the elevating influence 
of an acknowledgment of mystery in any 
form at all. In spite of all that we have 
said, there is a tone in Mr. Atkinson's 
thoughts far above those of most of us who 
live in slavery to daily experience. The 
world is awful to him — truth is sacred. 
However wildly he has wandered in search 
of it, truth is all for which he cares to Hve. 
If he is dogmatic, he is not vain ; if he is 
drying up the fountain of life, yet to him 
life is holy. He does not care for fame, 
for wealth, for rank, for reputation, for 
anything, except to find truth and to live 
beautifully by it and all this because he 
feels the unknown and terrible forces 
which are busy at the warp and woof of 
the marvellous existence." — Frazer's Ma- 
gazine. 

"A book from the reasonings and con- 
clusions of which we are bound to express 
our entire dissent, but to which it is im- 
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into a subject of the highest importance, 
upon which the wisest of us is almost 
entirely ignorant, begun with a sincere 
desire to penetrate the mystery and ascer- 
tain the truth, pursued with a brave re- 
solve to shrink from no results to which 
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whatever reception they might have from 
the world." — Critic. 

"A curious and valuable contribution 
to psychological science, and we regard 
it with interest, as containing the best 
and fullest development of the new theo- 
ries of mesmerism, clairvoyance, and the 
kindred hypothesis. The book is replete 
with profound reflections thrown out in- 
cidentally, is distinguished by a peculiar 
elegance of style, and in the hands of a 
calm and philosophical theologian may 
serve as a useful precis of the most 
formidable difficulties he has to contend 
against in the present day." — Weekly 
News. 

" The Letters are remarkable for the 
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principal features. Without affectation 
or pedantry, faults arrived at by so easy a 
transition, they are marked by simplicity 
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guage and expression that give to a 
subject, for the most part intricate and 
perplexing, an inexpressible charm." — 
Weekly Dispatch. 



lectures on Political Economy. By FRANCIS WILLIAM 

NEWMAN, Author of ' Phases of Faith,' ' History of the Hebrew 



Monarchy,' etc. 
to 5^. P. Is. 



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"The most able and instructive book, 
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Heview. 

" For a lucid statement of principles in 
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Any person familiar with the subject, and 
the writings upon it, will appreciate the 
union of fulness with brevity which dis- 



tinguishes it ; but only those who have 
some experience in lecturing can under- 
stand the amount of thought and dexterity 
required to keep such a subject within such 
narrow limits, and yet not have a tedious 
page. . . . The best manual or introduc- 
tion to the science of Political Economy 
with which we are acquainted. . . . We 
send our readers to the volume itself, with 
our emphatic commendation." — Leader. 




SPECULATIVE, MORAL, AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY. 21 



The Public Fimctisjii of Woman. A Sermon preaclied at the 
Music Hall, March 27, 1853. By THEODORE PARKER, Mi- 
nister of the Twenty -eighth Congregational Society. 12mo, 6d. 
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Woman and llcr Wishes : an Essay. Inscribed to the Mas- 
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WORTH HiaaiNSON, Member of the Worcester Eree Church. 
8vo, 6d. 



The Great Sin of Great Cities 5 being a Eeprint, by request, 

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The Purpose of Existence. Popularly considered, in relation 

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displayed great power of reflection, much 
learning, and an eloquence and elevation 
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ness of the subject-matter." — Critic. 



The Educational Institutions of the United States i tbeir Cha- 
racter and Organization. Translated from the Swedish of P. A. 
Siljestrom, M.A., by FREDERICA ROWAN. Post 8vo, cloth, 
105. 6d. P. Is. 

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treatises, on a special subj ect, which would 
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terized rather than exhibited in these co- 
lumns. It takes in pretty well the whole 
subject of popular education in America, 
— discusses it with ample knowledge, and 
in a calm, masculine spirit. We recom- 
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" WeU written, and weU translated, and 
is what it piirposes to be." — Economist. 

" A work of great ability." — Measoner. 

" So accurate, full, and admirably classi- 
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Social Aspects. By JOHN stores smith, Author of ' Mirabeau, 
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"torning Chronicle. 
A work of whose merits we can hardly 
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brai dings, unsparing in its exposures — 
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. . . "We receive with pleasure a work 
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22 ME. CHAPMAN'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Oyer-legislatioii. By Herbert spencer, Reprinted from 

* The Westminster Review.' New Series. No. YII. July, 1853. 




Social Statics 5 or, tlie Conditions Essential to Human Hap 

piness Specified, and the first of them Developed. By HERBERT 
8vo, cloth, price 12s. ~ ^ 

Literary Ga- 



SPENCER. 



VMr. Spencer in his able and logical 
work on ' Social Statics ' . . . — Edin- 
burgh JRevieio. 

" It deserves very high praise." — North 
British Review. 

"A remarkable '<i^ovk." —British Quar- 
terly Beview. 

" We shall be mistaken if this book do 
not assist in organizing that huge mass of 
thought which, for want of a more specific 
name, is now called Liberal Opinion." — 
Athenceum. 

"It is the most eloquent, the most in- 
teresting, the most clearly-expressed and 
logically -reasoned work, with views the 
most original, that has appeared in the 



P. Is. 

science of social polity." - 
zette. 

"... The book will mark an epoch in 
the literature of scientific morality." — 
JEconomist. 

" We remember no work on ethics, 
since that of Spinoza, to be compared vrith 
it in the simphcity of its premises, and the 
logical rigour with which a complete sys-- 
tem of scientific ethics is evolved from 
them." — Leader. 

" The careful reading we have given it 
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usual emphasis, our opinion of its great 
abihty and excellence." — Nonconformist. 



The Elements of Iiidividiialisin. A Series of Lectures. By 
WILLIAM MACCALL. Post Svo, cloth, 7s. Qd. P. Is. 



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those who can find no sympathy with its 
philosophy, will derive pleasure and im- 
provement from the many exquisite 
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" The expansive philosophy, the pene- 
trative intellect, and the general humanity 
of the author, have rendered the ' Ele- 



ments of Individuahsm' a book of strong 
and general interest." — Critic. 

"We have been singularly interested 
by this book. . . . Here is a speaker and 
thinker whom we may securely feel to be 
a lover of truth, exhibiting in his work a 
form and temper of mind very rare and 
peculiar in our time." — Manchester Exa- 
miner. 



life and letters of Judge Story^ the eminent American Jurist, 
Associate Justice o£ the Supreme Court of the United States, and 
Dane Professor of Law at Harvard L^niversity. Edited by liis Son, 
WILLIAM W. STORY. With a Portrait. 2 vols. Svo, cloth. 
Original price, £1. 10=?. ; reduced to £1. P. 3^. 
"Greater than any Law Writer of which 
England can boast since the days of Black- 
stone." — Lord Campbell, in the Souse of 



Lords, April 7, 1843, 

"We look in vain over the legal litera- 
ture of England for names to put in com- 
parison with those of Livingstone, Kent, 
and Story. . . . After reading his (Judge 
Story's) Life and Miscellaneous Writings, 



there can be no difficulty in accounting 
for his personal influence and popularity." 
— Edinburgh Beview. 

"The biography before us, written by 
his son, is admirably digested, and -written 
in a style which sustains the attention to 
the last, and occasionally rises to true and 
striking eloquence." — Eclectic Beview. 




HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



23 



IJltima Tliiile^ or, Thouglits and Questions suggested by a 

Eesidence in New Zealand. By THOMAS CHOLMONDELEY, 
Esq. 



A History of the Session 1853-3^ a Parliamentary Retrospect. 

Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1^. 6d. 



Tlie life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco Wliite. Written by Him- 
self. With Portions of his Correspondence. Edited by JOHN 
HAMILTON THOM. 3 vols, post 8vo, cloth, cloth. Original 
price, £1. 4?. ; reduced to 15^. P. 2^. 

*' TMs is a book wliich rivets the atten- 
tion, and makes tlie heart bleed. It has, 
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almost dramatic character ; so clearly and 
strongly is the living, thinking, active man 
projected from the face of the records 
which he has left. 

"His spirit was a battle-field, upon 
which, with fluctuating fortune and sin- 
gular intensity, the powers of behef and 
scepticism waged, frota. first to last, their 
unceasing war ; and within the compass of 
his experience are presented to our view 
most of the great moral and spiritual pro- 
blems that attach to the condition of our 
YSice."— Quarterly Heview. 

*'This book will improve his (Blanco 
White's) reputation. There is much in 



the peculiar construction of his mind, in 
its close union of the moral with the intel- 
lectual faculties, and in its restless desire 
for truth, which may remind the reader of 
Dr. Arnold." — JExaminer. 

" There is a depth and force in this book 
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"These volumes have an interest be- 
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some of our extracts, the correspondence, 
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Coleridge, Channing, Norton, Mih, Pro- 
fessor Powell, Dr. Hawkins, and other 
names of celebrity, has considerable at- 
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was published." — Spectator. 



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THE SECOND EDITION OF 
History of the Hehrew Monarchy^ from the Administration of 

Samuel to the Babylonish Captivity. By EEANCIS WILLIAM 
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Histoire des Crimes du Deux Decemhre. Par VICTOR 

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" There is much that is new in it, and 
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mm$^ — ^ ^ 



24 



MB. CHAPMAN'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Tlie life of Jean Pan! Fr, Ricliter. Compiled from various 

sources. Together with his Autobiography, translated from the 
German. Second Edition. Ilhistrated with a Portrait engraved on 
Steel. Post 8vo, cloth, 7*. 6d. P. 1*. 

and patient endurance — are furnislied with, 
data for clearing up and working out the 
intricate problem of life, and are inspired, 
like them, with the prospect of immorta- 
lity. No reader of sensibility can rise 
from the perusal of these volumes without 
becoming both Aviser and better." — Atlas. 

"Apart from the interest of the work, 
as the life of Jean Paul, the reader learns 
something of German life and German 
thought, and is introduced to Weimar 
during its most distinguished period — • 
when Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wie- 
land, the great fixed stars of Germany, in 
conjunction with Jean Paul, were there, 
surrounded by beautiful and admiring 
women, of the most refined and exalted 
natures, and of princely rank. It is full 
of passages so attractive and valuable, that 
it is difficult to make a selection as ex- 
amples of its character." — Inquirer. 

" The work is a useful exhibition of a 
great and amiable man, who, possessed of 
the kindliest feelings and the most bril- 
liant fantasy, turned to a high purpose 
that humour of which Eabelais^ the great 
grandfather, and Sterne one of the hne of 
ancestors, and contrasted it with an exal- 
tation of feeling and a rhapsodical poetry 
which are entirely his own. Let us hope 
that it will complete the work begun by 
Mr. Carlyle's Essays, and cause Jean Paul 
to be really read in this country." — JEx- 
aminer. 



"The autobiography of Richter, which 
extends only to his twelfth year, is one of 
the most interesting studies of a true 
poet's childhood ever given to the world." 
— JLotve's JEdinburgh Magazine. 

" Richter has an intellect vehement, 
rugged, irresistible, crushing in pieces the 
hardest problems ; piercing into the most 
hidden combinations of things, and grasp- 
ing the most distant ; an imagination vague, 
sombre, splendid, or appalling, brooding 
over the abysses of being, wandering 
through infinitude, and summoning before 
us, in its dim religious light, shapes of 
brilliancy, solemnity, or terror ; a fancy of 
exuberance literally unexampled, for it 
pours its treasures with a lavishness which 
knows no limit, hanging, like the sun, a 
jewel on every grass-blade, and sowing the 
earth at large with orient pearls. But 
deeper than all these lies humour, the 
ruHng quality of Richter — as it were the 
central fire that pervades and vivifies his 
whole being. He is a humorist from his 
inmost soul ; he thinks as a humorist ; he 
imagines, acts, feels as a humorist ; sport 
is the element in which his nature lives 
and works." — Thomas Carlyle. 

"With such a writer it is no common 
treat to be intimately acquainted. In the 
proximity of great and virtuous minds we 
imbibe a portion of their nature, — feel, as 
mesmerists say, a healthful contagion, are 
braced with the same spirit of faith, hope. 



The History of Ancient Art among the Greeks. By JOW 

WINCKELMANN. From the German, by a. H. Lodge. Beau- 
tifully illustrated. 8vo, cloth. Original price, 12s. ; reduced to 
Qs. P. 1*. 



" That Winckelmann was weU fitted for 
the task of writing a History of Ancient 
Art, no one can deny who is acquainted 
with his profound learning and genius. 
. . . He undoubtedly possessed in the 
highest degree the power of appreciating 
artistic skill wherever it was met with, but 
never more so than when seen in the garb 
of antiquity. . . . The work is of ' no 
common order,' and a careful study of the 
great principles embodied in it must ne- 
cessarily tend to form a pure, correct, and 
elevated taste." — Eclectic Hevietv. 

" The work is throughout lucid, and free 
from the pedantry of technicality. Its 
clearness constitutes its great charm. It 
does not discuss any one subject at great 



length, but aims at a general view of Art, 
with attention to its minute developments. 
It is, if we may use the phrase, a Gram- 
mar of Greek Art, a sine qua nan to all who 
would thoroughly investigate its language 
of form." — Literary World. 

" Winckelmann is a standard writer, to 
whom most students of art have been more 
or less indebted. He possessed extensive 
information, a refined taste, and great zeal. 
His style is plain, direct, and specific, so 
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ing. Some very good outlines, representing 
fine types of Ancient Grefek Art, illustrate 
the text, and the volume is got up m a 
style worthy of its subject." — Spectator. 

"To aU lovers of art, this volume will 



HISTOBY AND BIOGRAPHY. 



25 m 



furnish the most necessary and safe sjiiide once an elepfance, penetration, and know- 
in studying: the pure principles of nature ledge, which fitted him to a marvel for 
and beauty in creative art. . . . We can- the task he undertook. . , . Such a 
not \^ish better to English Art than for work ought to be in the library of every 
a wide circulation of this invaluable work." artist and man of taste, and even the 
— Standard of Freedom. most general reader will find in it much 

"Ihe mixture of the philosopher and to instruct, and much to interest him." — 
artist in Winckelmann's mind gave it at Atlas. 



Italy ! Past and Present 5 or, General A^iews of its Historj, 
Eeligion, Politics, Literature, and Art. By L. MARIOTTI. 2 
vols, post 8vo, cloth, 10^. P. 1^. 6d. 

richly repay perusal; it is, however, in 
'The Present' of Italy that the main in- 
terest of the book resides. This volume 



"This is a useful book, informed with 
lively feehng and sound judgment. It 
contains an exhibition of Italian views of 
matters social and political, by an Itahan 
who has learned to speak through Enghsh 
thoughts as well as English words. Parti- 
cularly valuable are the sketches of recent 
Italian history ; for the prominent charac- 
ters are dehneated in a cordial and sym- 
pathetic spirit, yet free from enthusiastic 
ideas, and with unsparing discrimination. 
. . . The criticisms on ' The Past ' will 



does not merely possess an interest simi- 
lar to that of contemporary works, it sup- 
plies a desideratum, and is well adapted to 
aid the English reader in forming a just 
estimate of the great events now in pro- 
gress in Italy. iS'ot the least wonderful 
part of the book is the entire mastery the 
author has acquired of our language." — 
JExaminer, April. 



The followmg notices refer to the first yolume of the work : — 



*' The work is admirable, useful, instruc- ' 
tive. I am delighted to tind an Itahan ; 
coming forward with so much noble en- \ 
thusiasm, to vindicate his country, and \ 
obtain for it its proper interest in the eyes I 
of Europe. The Enghsh is wonderful. , . .' 
I never saw any approach to such a style 
in a foreigner before, — as full of beauty in 
diction as in thought." — Sir E. Buhver 
Lytton, Bart. 

" I recognize the rare characteristics of 
genius — a large conception of the topic, a 
picturesque diction founded on profound 
thought, and that passionate sensibihty 
which becomes the subject — a subject 
beautiful as its chmate, and inexhaustible 
as its soil." — B. Disraeli, Esq., M.P. 

" A very rapid and summary resume of 
the fortunes of Italy from the fall of the 
Eoman Empire to the present moment. — 
A work of industry and labour, written 
with a good purpose. — A bird's-eye view 
of the subject that wiU revive the recol- 
lections of the scholar, and seduce the 
tyro into a longer course of reading." — 
AthencBum. 

"This work contains more information 
on the subject, and more references to 
the present position of Italy, than we 
have seen in any recent production." — 
Foreign Quarterly Beciezv. 

"In reference to style, the work before 



us is altogether extraordinary, as that of 
a foreigner; and in the higher quality of 
thought we may commend the author for 
his acute, and often original, criticism, 
and his quick perception of the grand and 
beautiful in his native literature." — Pres- 
cott, in the North American Bevieiv. 

" The work before us consists of a con- 
tinuous parallel of the pohtical and lite- 
rary history of Italy from the earliest 
period of the Middle Ages to the present 
time. The author not only penetrates 
the inner relations of those dual appear- 
ances of national life, but possesses the 
power of displaying them to the reader 
with great clearness and effect. We re- 
member no other work in which the civil 
conditions and Hterary achievements of a 
people have been blended in such a series 
of hving pictures, representing successive 
periods of history." — Allgemeine Zeitung, 

"An earnest and eloquent work." — 
Fxamiyier. 

" A work ranking distinctly in the class 
of belles-lettres, and well deserving of a 
hbrary place in England." — Literary Ga- 
zette. 

"A work warmly admired by excellent 
judges." — Taifs Magazine. 

" An admirable work, written with great 
power and beauty." — Prof. Longfellow : 
Poets and Poetry of Europe . 



^ 

26 MR. CHAPMAN'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Poems by Anna Blackwell. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, Qs. P. 6d. 



" The literary finish of the poems is al- 
most faultless. From the first page to 
the ending the metre is as musical, and 
the rhyme as true, as the nicest ear could 
demand, and the harmony of thought and 
word is closely sustained." — Ghibe. 

" If, as a great critic has declared, the 
'union of music with meaning' is one of 
the first proofs of poetry, the test may be 
fearlessly invited by the volume of poems 
before us." — Morning Advertiser. 

"A poet, and one so gifted, so self-sus- 
tained, that she may sing henceforth and 
claim the world's ear." — Critic. 

*'We appreciate her hearty smpathies 



for truth and progress, respect the sin- 
cerity of a religion whose Ecce Venit is 
the 'Herald of True Freedom's Birth/ 
and admire the spirit which can look at 
the difficulties of humanity without dis- 
may." — Atlas. 

"Fine thoughts, great faiths, and noble 
sentiments, in full-toned and expressive 
speech." — Nonconformist. 

" Solid good sense, and genuine revela- 
tions of the beautiful . . . that must tell 
on the age we live in, and help to mould 
it into a lovely form. — Glasgow Common- 
wealth. 



Honour 3 or, Tlie Story of the brave Caspar and the fair 

Annerl. By CLEMENS EEENTANO. With an Introduction, 
and a Biograpliical Notice of the Author. By T. W. APPELL. 



Hearts in Mortmain and Cornelia. A Noyel, in 1 vol. post 

8vo, cloth. Original price, 10<?. Qd. ; reduced to 5^. P. Qd. 



"To come to such writings as 'Hearts 
in Mortmain ' and ' Cornelia ' after the 
anxieties and roughness of our worldly 
struggle, is like bathing in fresh waters 
after the dust and heat of bodily exertion. 
... To a pecuHar and attractive grace 
they join considerable dramatic power, 
and one or two of the characters are con- 
ceived and executed with real genius." — 
Prospective Meview. 

" Both stories contain matter of thought 
and reflection which would set up a dozen 
conmion-place circulating-Hbrary produc- 
tions." — JExaminer. 

**It is not often now-a-days that two 
works of such a rare degree of excellence 
in their class are to be found in one volume j 



it is rarer still to find two works, each of 
which contains matter for two volumes, 
bound up in these times in one cover." — 
Observer. 

"The above is an extremely pleasing 
book. The first story is written in the an- 
tiquated form of letters, but its simplicity 
and good taste redeem it from the tedi- 
ousness and appearance of egotism which 
generally attend that style of composi- 
tion." — Economist. 

" Well written and interesting." — Daily 
News. 

" Two very pleasing and elegant novels. 
Some passages display descriptive powers 
of a high order." — Britannia, 



Poems by Heinrich Heine. Translated into English by JOHN 
STOEES SMITH. Fcap. 8vo, paper cover. 1*. 



Poems 




J Original and Translated from the Grerman. By 
JAMES D. HORROCKS. Pcap. 8vo, cloth. \_Just ready. 



POETEY AND FICTION. 



27 



Norica^ or, Tales of Niirnberg from the Olden Time. 
Translated from the Grerman of August Hagen, Fcp. 8vo, ornamen- 
tal binding, suitable for presentation, uniform with ' The Artist's 
Married Life.' Original price, 7s. 6d. ; reduced to 5.9. P. 6d. 



" This pleasant Tolume is got up in that 
style of imitation of the books of a cen- 
tury ago, which has of late become so 
much the vogue. The typographical and 
mechanical departments of the volume 
speak loudly for the taste and enterprise 
employed upon it. Simple in its style, 
quaint, pithy, reasonably pungent — the 
book smacks strongly of the pictm-esque 
old days of which it treats. A long study 
of the art- antiquities of JS'iirnberg, and a 
profound acquaintance with the records, 
letters, and memoirs, still preserved, of 
the times of Albert Diirer and his great 
brother artists, have enabled the author 
to lay before us a forcibly- drawn and 
highly-finished picture of art and house- 
hold life in that wonderfully art-practising 
and art-reverencing old city of Germany." 
— Atlas, 

*' A delicious little book. It is full of a 

quaint garrulity, and characterized by an 
earnest simplicity of thought and diction, 
which admirably conveys to the reader the 



household and artistic German life of the 
times of Maximilian, Albert Diirer, and 
Hans Sachs, the celebrated cobbler and 
'master-singer,' as well as most of the 
artist celebrities of Nlirnberg in the 16th 
century. Art is the chief end and aim of 
this httle history. It is lauded and praised 
with a sort of unostentatious devotion, 
which explains the religious passion of the 
early moulders of the ideal and the beau- 
tiful ; and, perhaps, through a consequent 
deeper concentration of thought, the secret 
of their success." — Weekly Dispatch. 

" A volume full of interest for the lover 
of old times ; while the form in which it 
is presented to us may incite many to 
think of art, and look into its many won- 
drous influences with a curious earnest- 
ness unknown to them before. It points 
a moral also, in the knowledge that a 
people may be brought to take interest in 
what is chaste and beautiful as in what 
is coarse and degrading." — Manchester 
Examiner. 



Hester and EliiioF^ or t!ie Discipline of Suffering. A JSToyel. 



Post 8vo, 10^. Qd. 

"The end proposed by the writer of 
this fiction is excellent, that of inculcat- 
ing the social and domestic duties as the 
true moral sphere of woman. — Spectator. 

"This book is calculated to awaken 
thought. The interests in the midst of 
which the actors live and struggle are those 



[Now ready. 

in which we live ; and we see them here 
dealt with by an earnest mind and a warm 
heart. A nearer and nearer approxima- 
tion to the perfection of faithful service is 
the prevailing idea of the book. . . . We 
hope that this book may be much read," 
. — Inquirer. 



Tlie Bridesmaid^ Count Steplien^ and other Poems. 

C. HUME. Fcp. 8vo, cloth, 6s. P. 6d. 



By MAEY 



" There is a hearty, exhilarating, hope- 
ful moral in her lays, a rich imagination, 
a treasury of words, and a masculine tone, 
cheering the faint heart on to the strug- 
gle and to the victory." — Morning Adver- 
tiser. 

*'Full of thoughts and honest-hearted 
striving after truth." — Atlas. 

"Mr. Hume may be proud of the triumph 
his daughter has achieved. The pictures 
are natural, and there is no straining after 
efiect; there is a gentle gale of melody 



rising upon the ear, to which we listen as 
to summer breezes in the woods and fields." 
— Weekly Dispatch. 

"Miss Hume's gifts are real ones; her 
volume abounds with genuine poetry." — 
Scottish Press. 

" These poems display a thoughtful, 
cultivated mind, possessed of powers not 
common among female writers, save the 
highest and most eminent." — Nonconfor-^ 



Essays 



Poems, Allegories, and Fables. By JANUAKYSEAELE. 

8vo, 4^. P. Qd. 



28 



ME. CHAPMAN'S PUBLICATIOjS^S. 



The Odes of Horace^ translated into Unrliymed English 
Metres, with Illustrative Introductions and Notes, by F. W. 
NEWMAN, Professor of Latin at University College, London. 
Post 8vo, cloth, 7*. 6c^. P. Qd. 

%* The Odes are so arranged, that the introductions to them form a small, con- 
tinuous history of the period ; and the notes are especially addressed to unclassical 
readers. 



*' Mr. !N'ewman has given an elegant 
and, whenever the necessities of metre 
do not forbid, a scholar-like translation of 
Horace. . . . The notes are admirable, 
and are likely to be of extensive use to 
the student. . . . Mr. T^^ewman has ^vl'itten 
a singularly attractive book, which Avill be 
of infinite use to the student, and of some 
service to the ripe scholar in helping him 
to the best possible prose Enghsh of diffi- 
cult passages.'' — Daily News. 

" Professor ^^'ewman's command of pure 
and choice English is everywhere shown 



to be singularly masterly. It presents a 
model of good construing, i. e. the ren- 
dering of the Latin original into the best 
and closest English equivalents.'' — Weekly/ 
JHews. 

We most cordially recommend Mr. 
^^'e^vman's volimie to all who are inte- 
rested in the subject for the notes." — 
Literary Gazette. 

" Many of his (Mr. Newman's) metres 
are exceedingly pleasing -in our ears — ■ 
sweet, various, and sonorous." — Prospec- 
tive He view. 



The Siege of Damascus 5 an Historical Eomance. Bj JAMES 

NISBET. In 3 vols, post 8vo, cloth. Original price, £1. 11^. 6d. ; 
reduced to 10s. P. 1^. 6d. 

"A. romance of very unusual power, 
such as must arrest attention by its quah- 
ties as a work of fiction, and help the good 
cause of liberty of thought." — Leader. 

" There is an occasional inequahty of 
style in the writing, but, on the whole, it 



may be pronounced beyond the average of 
modern novelists . . I whilst descriptive 
passages might be selected that beti-ay 
very high order of merit.'' — Manchester 
Examiner. 



Preciosa : A Tale. Tcp. 8vo, 

" A bridgeless chasm seems to stand 
between us and the unexplored world' 
of feeling. There are many faults in 
' Preciosa,' but we do not hesitate to say 
that there are passages in it, which, for 
the power of transporting the reader 
across this intervening depth, and of 
clothing in an intelligible form the dim 
creation of passionate imagination, have 
scarcely a rival in English prose." — 
Morning Chronicle. 

" Marked by qualities which we are 
accustomed to associate with the maturity 
of a writer's powers." — Ghiardian. 



cloth, 7^. P. Qd. 

"Exquisitely beautiful writing. . . . 
It is full of sighs and lovers' aspirations, 
with many charming fancies and poetic 
thoughts. It is Petrarch and Laura over 
again, and the numerous quotations from 
the Italian interspersed, together with 
images suggested by the passionate melo- 
dies of the great composers, pretty clearly 
indicate the burden which run's like a 
rich refrain throughout. ... Of its 
execution we have the right to speak in 
terms of xmqualified praise." — Weekly 



Poems by Bessie Rayuer Parkes. Post 8yo, paper cover, l^. 



f ^ Suiiimer Sketches and other Poems. Bj BESSIE EAYNER ^\ 



PARKES. Post 8vo, paper cover. 1^. 



POETRY AND FICTION. 29 
The Village Pearl : A Domestic Poem. Fcp. 8vo, 2^. 6cl. 



Peter Jones 5 or, Onward Bound. An Autobiography. 
12mo, price 35. P. ed. 

— ♦ — 

Rererberations. Part I., Is, fart II., 2^. Pep. 8vo, paper 

cover. P. 6d. 



In this little verse-pampMet of some 
sixty or seventy pages, we think we see 
evidences of a true poet ; of a ft-esh and 
natural fount of genuine song ; and of a 
purpose and sympathy admirably suited to 
the times. . . . The purchaser of it will 
find himself richer in possessing it by 
many wise and charitable thoughts, many 
generous emotions, and much calin and 
quiet, yet deep reflection." — JExaminer. 



"Remarkable for earnestness of thought 
and strength of diction." — Morn. Herald. 

"The author of these rhymed brochures 
has much of the true poetic spirit. He is 
always in earnest. He writes from the full 
heart. There is a manHness, too, in all his 
utterances that especially recommends 
them to us. . . . As long as we have such 
' Reverberations ' as these, we shall never 
grow weary of them." — Weekly News. 



The Twin Sisters. By LUCY field, Authoress of « The Two 
Friends.' 3 vols, post 8vo, £1. lis, Qd. P. Is. 



*'The characters in the 'Twin Sisters' 
are remarkably well drawn. . . . The 
novel is written in a very sound and 
wholesome spirit." — Westminster Heview. 

"The characters are cleverly imagined, 
both as regards their beauties and de- 
fects, and they have that ' touch of na- 
ture ' which is the only thing that can 
make them kin with the reader. . . . The 
incidents too are, for the most part, in- 
geniously devised, and come about with 



something of the spontaneity of real life, 
rather than the mechanism of artificial 
contrivance. . . . The story we can cor- 
dially recommend as one which cannot be 
read without emotion, nor remembered 
without pleasure." — Morning Fost. 

" The tale is well told, and a fine gene- 
rous spirit pervades the book, rendering 
it worthy of being commended to the 
young." — Literary Gazette. 



Three Experiments of liring : Within the Means. Up to 

the Means. Beyond the Means. Fcap. Svo, ornamental cover and 
gilt edges, 1^. P. Qd. 

— ♦ — 

The Log-Cabin 5 or. The World Before Ton. By the Author 

of ' Three Experiments of Living ' Sketches of the Old Painters,' 
etc. 



Adventures of a fientleman in search of the Church of England. 

Fcip. 8\o, cloth, 2s. P. Qd. 



An Analytical Catalogue of Ir. Cliapinan's Publications. 

Price Is. Post 6d. 

To enable the reader to judge for himself of the merits of 
Mr. Chapman's publications, irrespective of the opinions of the 
press — whether laudatory or otherwise — an Analytical Catalogue 
has been prepared, which contains an abstract of each work, or, at 
least, such an amount of information regarding it as will furnish 
him with a clear conception of its general aim and scope. At the 
same time, from the way in which the Catalogue is drawn up, it 
comprises a condensed body of Ideas and Facts, in themselves of 
substantive interest and importance, and is therefore intrinsically 
well worthy the attention of the Student. 

— ♦ — 



Cheap Books^ and how to get them. Being a Eeprint from 
the Westminster Review for April, 1852, of the article on ' The 
Commerce of Literature ; ' together with a Brief Account of the 
Origin and Progress of the Recent Agitation for Free Trade in 
Books. By JOHN CHAPMAN. To which is added, the Judg- 
ment pronounced by Lord Campbell. Second Edition. Price 1^. 

P. ed, 

, — ^ — 



A Report ©f the Proceedings of a Meeting (consisting cliiefly 

of Authors) held May 4th, at the House of Mr. John Chapman, 
142, Strand, for the purpose of hastening the removal of the Trade 
Restrictions on the Commerce of Literature. Thu^d Edition. 
Price 2d. 

' — ♦ — 



Two Orations against taking away Human life^ under any 

Circumstances ; and in Explanation and Defence of the Misrepre- 
sented Doctrine of Non-Resistance. By THOMAS COOPER, 
Author of ' The Purgatory of Suicides.' Post 8vo, in paper cover. 
Is. P. Gd. 



"Mr. Cooper possesses undeniable abi- 
lities of no mean order, and moral courage 
beyond many. . . . The manliness with 
which he avows, and the boldness and zeal 
with which he urges, the doctrines of peace 
and love, respect for human rights, and 
moral power, in these lectures, are worthy 
of aU honour." — Noncoriformist. 

*'Mr. Cooper's style is intensely clear 
and forcible, and displays great earnest- 
ness and fine human sympathy; it is in 





the highest degree manly, plain, and vigor- 
ous." — Morning Advertiser. 

"These two orations are thoroughly 
imbued with the peace doctrines which 
have lately been making rapid progress in 
many unexpected quarters. To all who 
take an interest in that great movement, 
we would recommend this book, on ac- 
count of the fervid eloquence and earnest 
truthfulness which pervade every line of 
it." — Manchester Examiner. 




MISCELLAIS^EA. 




ritraniontauisiu 3 or, The Eoman Church and Modern So- 
ciety. By E. QUINET ^of the CoUege of France). Translated 
from the French. Third Edition. With the Author's approba- 
tion. By C. COCKS, B.L. 



Paddj-laiul and the Lakes of Rillarney. By a WYKEHAMIST. 

lUustrated, 1^. P. Qd. 



The Public School Matches and those we meet there. By a 

WYKEHAMIST. 1^. P. Qd. 



Classical Education : its Use and Abuse. Eeprinted from 
the ' Westnunster Eeview.' No. Till. October, 1853. 

\_Nearly ready. 



Indian Political Reform : Eeing Brief Hints, together with a 

Plan for the Improvement of the Constituency of the East India 
Company and the Promotion of Public Works. By JOH!N" 
CHAPMAN, Author of ' The Cotton and Commerce of India,' etc. 
8vo. Is. P. ^d. 



The Cotton and Commerce of India^ Considered in Eelation 

to the Interests of Grreat Britain ; with Remarks on Railway Com- 
munication in the Bombay Presidency. By JOHN CHAPMAN, 
Founder and late Manager of the Grreat Indian Peninsular Eailway 
Company. 8yo, cloth. Original price, 12-5. ; reduced to 6s. P. Is. 



''Promises to be one of the most useful 
treatises tliat have been furnished on this 
important subject. ... It is distinguished 
by a close and logical style, coupled with 
an accuracy of detail which \nll, in a great 
measure, render it a tQ-sX-hodk." —Times, 
Jan. 22, 1851. 

" Marked by sound good sense, akin to 
the highest wisdom of the statesman. The 
author has given to the pubhc the most 
complete book we have for some time met 
with on any subject." — Economist. 

"Mr. Chapman's great practical know- 
ledge and experience of the subjects upon 
which he treats have enabled him to col- 
lect an amount of information, founded 
upon facts, such as we beheve has never 
before been laid before the pubHc. The 
aU-important questions of supply, produc- 
tion, and prices of cotton in India, as well 
as the commercial and financial questions 
connected with it, are most ably treated." 
— Morning Chronicle. 

" Written by an intelligent, pains-tak- 
ing, and well-informed gentleman. . . . 



Nothing can be more correct than his 
views, so far as they extend, his survey 
and character of districts, his conclusions 
as to the supply the earth can yield, and 
his assertion that the cost of transit is 
with Indian cotton the first and ruling 
element of price." — Daily JSfeivs. 

"Mr. Chapman's work is only appre- 
ciated in the fulness of its value and merits 
by those who are interested in one or other 
branch of his subject. TuU of data for 
reasoning, replete with facts, to which the 
most implicit credit may be attached, and 
free from any pohtical bias, the volume is 
that vara, if not incognita avis, a truthful 
blue book, a volimie of statistics not cooked 
up to meet a theory or defend a practice." 
— Britannia. 

"The arrangement is clear, and the 
treatment of the subject in all cases mas- 
terly." — Indian News. 

"This is a comprehensive, practical, 
careful, and temperate investigation," etc. 
— Indian Mail. 



32 



MR. CHAPMA]S^'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Stories for Sunday Afternoons. 

18mo, cloth, Is, 6d. P. 6d. 



By Mrs. DAWSON. Square 



" This is a very pleasing little volume, 
which we can conjidently recommend. It 
is designed and admirably adapted for the 
use of children from five to eleven years of 
age. It purposes to infuse into that tender 
age some acquaintance with the facts, and 
taste for the study of the Old Testament. 
The style is simple, easy, and for the 



most part correct. The stories are told 
in a spirited and graphic manner. 

"Those who are engaged in teaching 
the young, and in laying the foundation 
of good character by early religious and 
moral impressions, wiU be thankful for 
additional resources of a kind so judicious 
as this volume.'' — Inquirer. 



A few Words to the Jews. By ONE OF themselyes. 

Foolscap 8vOj cloth. Price 3^. 6d. P. 6d. 



The Beauties of ChanniMg. "With an Introductory Essay. 
By WILLIAM MOUjS^TFOED. 12mo, cloth, 2s. 6d. P. Qd. 



" This is really a book of beauties. It is 
no collection of shreds and patches, but a 
faithful representative of a mind which 
deserves to have its image rex^roduced in 
a thousand forms. It is such a selection 
from Channing as Channing himself might 
have made. It is as though we had the 
choicest passages of those divine discourses 



read to us by a kindred spirit. . . . 
Those who have read 'Martyria' vdllfeel 
that no man can be better qualified than 
its author, to bring together those passages 
which are at once most characteristic, and 
most rich in matter tending to the moral 
and rehgious elevation of human beings." 
— Inquirer. 



Bible Stories. By SAMUEL WOOD, 2 vols. 12mo, cloth 2s. P. 6d. 



local Self-GoTemmeiit and Centralizatioii 5 The Characteristics 

of each, and its Practical Tendencies as afiecting Social, Moral, and 
Pohtical Welfare and Progress : including comprehensive Onthnes 
of the English Constitution. By J. TOULMI]^ SMITH. Post 
8v0j cloth. Original price, Ss. 6d. ; reduced to 5^. P. 1^. 
' This is a valuable, because a thought- chapters of the soundest practical philo- 



ful, treatise upon one of the general sub- 
jects of theoretical and practical politics. 
ISTo one in all probability will give an ab- 
solute assent to aU its conclusions, but the 
reader of Mr. Smith's volume will in any 
case be induced to give more weight to 
the important principle insisted on." — 
TaHfs Magazine. 

" Embracing, with a vast range of con- 
stitutional learning, used in a singularly 
attractive form, an elaborate review of all 
the leading questions of our day." — Eclef- 
tic Meview. 

''This is a book, therefore, of imme- 
diate interest, and one weU worthy of the 
most studious consideration of every re- 
former ; but it is also the only complete 
and correct exposition we have of our po- 



sophy ; every page bearing the marks of 
profound and practical thought." 

The chapters on the CroviTi, and on 
common law and statute law, display a 
thorough knowledge of constitutional law 
and history, and a vast body of learning is 
brought forward for popular information 
without the least parade or pedantry." 

"Mr. Toulmin Smith has made a most 
valuable contribution to English litera- 
ture ; for he has given the people a true 
account of their once glorious constitu- 
tion ; more than that, he has given them 
a book replete with the soundest and most 
practical views of pohtical philosophy." — 
Weekly Neivs. 

"There is much research, sound prin- 
ciple, and good logic in this book; and we 



litical system ; and we mistake much if it ! can recommend it to the perusal of aU 
does not take its place in literature as our j who wish to attain a competent knowledge 
standard text -book of the constitution." ' of the broad and lasting basis of Enghsh 
" The special chapters on local self-go- | constitutional law and practice." — Morn- 
vernment and centralization will be found i inn Advertiser. 




MISCELLANEA. 



Toe?* 

33 



Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson. First Series, embodying 

the Corrections and Additions of the last American Edition ; with 
an Introductory Preface by THOMAS CAELYLE, reprinted, by 
permission, from the first English edition. Post 8vo, 2*. P. 6d. 



Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Second Series, with Pre 
face by THOMAS CAELYLE. Post 8vo, cloth, 3^. 6d. P. 6d, 

** The difficulty we find in giving a pro- 
per notice of this vohinie arises from the 
pervadingness of its excellence, and the 
compression of its matter. With more 



learning than Hazlitt, more perspicnity 
than Carlyle, more yigour and depth of 
thought than Addison, and v,-ith as much 
originahty and fascination as any of them, 
this volume is a brilliant addition to the 
Table Talk of intellectual men, be they 
who or where they may." — Prosjpective 
Me view. 

"Mr. Emerson is not a common man, 
and everything he vaites contains sugges- 
tive matter of much thought and earnest- 
ness." — JExaminer. 

"That Emerson is, in a high degree, 
possessed of the faculty and vision of the 
seer, none can doubt who will earnestly 
and with a kind and reverential spirit 
peruse these nine Essays. He deals only 
with the true and the eternal. His pierc- 
ing gaze at once shoots swiftly, surely, 
thi'ough the outward and the superficial, 
to the inmost causes and workings. Any 
one can tell the time who looks on the 
face of the clock, but he loves to lay bare 
the machinery and show its moving prin- 
ciple. His words and his thoughts are a 



fresh spring, that invigorates the soul that 
is steeped therein. His mind is ever 
dealing ^vith the eternal ; and those who 
only live to exercise their lower intellec- 
tual faculties, and desire only new facts 
and new images, and those who have not 
a feeling or an interest in the great ques- 
tion of mind and matter, eternity and 
nature, will disregard him as unintelligi- 
ble and uninteresting, as they do Bacon 
and Plato, and, indeed, philosophy itself." 
— Douglas Jer raid's Magazine. 

" Beyond social science, because beyond 
and outside social existence, there lies the 
science of self, the development of man in 
his individual existence, within himself 
and for himself. Of this latter science, 
which may perhaps be called the philo- 
sophy of individuality, Mr. Emerson is an 
able apostle and interpreter." — League. 

" As- regards the particular volume of 
Emerson before us, we think it an im- 
provement upon the first series of Essays. 
The subjects are better chosen. They 
come home more to the experience of the 
mass of mankind, and are consequently 
more interesting. Their treatment also 
indicates an artistic improvement in the 
composition." — Spectator. 



William tou Humboldfs Letters to a Female Friend. A 

Complete Edition. Translated from the Second German Edition. 
By CATHEEIiS^E M. A. COUPEE, Author of 'Visits to Beech- 
wood Farm,' 'Lucy's Half-Crown,' etc. 2 vols, post Svo, cloth, 
10^. .3^. Qd. P. Qd. 



"W'e cordially recommend these vo- 
lumes to the attention of our readers. . . , 
The work is in every way worthy of the 
character and experience of its distin- 
guished author."— _DaiZy News. 

" These admirable letters were, we be- 
lieve, first introduced to notice in Eng- 
land by the ' Athenaeum j' and perhaps no 
greater boon was ever conferred upon the 
English reader than in the publication of 
the two volumes which contain this excel- 
lent translation of William Humboldt's 
portion of a lengthened correspondence 
with his female friend." — Westminster and 
Foreign Qua.rterly Hevieiv. 

"The beautiful series of W". von Hum. 
boldt's letters, now for the first time trans- 
lated and pubhshed complete, possess not i 



only high intrinsic interest, but an interest 
arising from the very striking circum- 
stances in which they originated. . , . 
We wish we had space to verify our re- 
marks. But we should not know where to 
begin, or where to end ; we have therefore 
no alternative but to recommend the entire 
book to careful perusal, and to promise a 
continuance of occasional extracts into our 
columns from the beauties of thought and 
feeling ^^ith which it abounds." — Man- 
chester Examiner and Times. 

"It is the only complete collection of 
these remarkable letters which has yet 
been published in EngUsh, and the trans- 
lation is singularly perfect ; we have sel- 
dom read such a rendering of German 
thoughts into the EngUshtongue." — Critic. 



34 ME. CHAPMAN'S PUBLICATIOIS^S. 



Baroda aiid B^ssiliay^ Their Political Morality. A JSTarrative 

dra'VYn from the Papers laid before Parliament in relation to the 
EemoYal of Lieut. -Col. Outram, C.B., from the Office of Resident 
at the Com't of the Graekwar. AYith Explanatory ISi otes, and Re- 
marks on the Letter of L. R. Reid, Esq., to the Editor of the Daily 
mivs. By J. CHAPMAlSr, Author of ' The Cotton and Commerce 
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The ClTil AdiiiiBistratioB of tlie Boiiibay Presidency. By 

IS^OWROZJEE EURDOONJEE ; fom-th Translator and Interpre- 
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Association. Pubhshed in England at the request of the Bombay 
Association. Svo, sewed, 2s. P. Qd. 



Ol)seryatioas on India. By a Eesident there many years. 8vo, 
cloth, 5s. Qd. p. Qd. 

"The best digest we Lave ever seen." — Weehly Dispatch. 
^ 

Just jpuhlished^ 

A letter to tlie KigM Son. Lord Campliell^ on tlie 9 & 10 Vic- 
toria, cap. 93. Bemg an Act for Compensating the Eamihes of 
Persons Killed by Accidents (26 Aug. 1846) ; showing the Injustice 
of the Measm'-e, and the Propriety of its immediate Bepeal. By 
HENRY BOOTH, Esq., of the London and North-western Eailwa;f. 



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36 



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ME. CHAPMAN'S PUBLICATIONS. 



A Reply to the Eclipse of Faith, By F. W. Newman. 

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PUBLISHED BY SUBSCEIPTION. 
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IN MAECH, JUNE, SEPTEMBER, AND DECEMBER. 

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7%e Volumes for 1854 are as follows : — 

V. THE PHILOSOPHY OF KANT. Lectures by Victor Cousin. 

Translated from the French. To which is added a Biographical and 
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VI. THE ESSENCE OF CHEISTIANITY. By Ludwig Feuerbach. 
Translated from the Second German Edition by the Translator of 
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VII. A SKETCH OF THE EISE AND PPOGEESS OF CHRIS- 
TIANITY. By R. W. Mackay, A.M., Author of the Progress of the 
Intellect," &c. 

VIII. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE 
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John Nicholson, B.A., Oxon, Ph. D. 

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I. THEISM, ATHEISM, AND THE POPULAR THEOLOGY. Sermons 

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II. A HISTORY OF THE HEBREW MONARCHY from the Adminis- 
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in. & IV. THE POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY OF AUGUSTE COMTE, 
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LONDON: JOHN CHAPMAN, 142, STRAND. 



CHAPMAN'S LIBRARY FOR THE REOPLE. 



■ No. I. 

SKETCHES OF EUROPEAN CAPITALS. By Wii- 

LiAM Waee, Author of " Zenobia, or Letters from Palmyra « Aurelian," 
&c. Is. ^ 
No. II. 



Lectures by E, P. 

Is. 



LITERATURE AND LIFE. 

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THE SOUL ; its SorroAvs and its Aspirations/ An 

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CHRISTIAN THEISM. By C. C. Hemell, Author 

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HISTORICAL SKETCHES^ of tie OLD PAINTERS. 

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ESSAYS. By R. W. Emerson. First Series. With 

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No. VIII. 

THE CRIMES OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG 

AGAINST ITS OWN LIEGE SUBJECTS. By F. W. Newman. Is. 
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PHASES OF FAITH; or, Passages from the History 

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THE ARTIST'S MARRIED LIFE; being that of 

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No. XL 

OVER -LEGISLATION. Reprinted, with Additions, 

from The Westminster Review. New Series. No. VII. July, 1853, By 
Herbert Spencer. 8d. 

No. XIL 

A DEFENCE OF RELIGION. By HENRY W. 

Crosskey. Is. 

No. XIIL 

THE BOOK OF JOB. By J. A. Froude, M.A. 

Reprinted from The Westminster Review. No. VIII.. October, 1853. 8d. 
No. XIV. 

CLASSICAL EDUCATION ; its Use and Abuse. 

Reprinted from The Westminster Review. No. VIIL October, 1853. Is. 

[/» the Press. 

LONDON: JOHN CHAPMAN, 142, STRAND. 



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